Harvey Milk's radical vision of equality - Lillian Faderman

257,643 views ใƒป 2019-03-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:09
By 1973,
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ืขื“ 1973,
00:11
Harvey Milk had already been many things:
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ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
00:14
naval officer, high school teacher,
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ืงืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™, ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:17
bit-part actor, and wandering hippie.
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ืฉื—ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ืคื™ ื ื•ื•ื“.
00:20
But as he embarked on yet another life running a camera shop in San Francisco,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฆื— ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
00:25
he already found himself distracted.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื•ืกื—.
00:28
From the Watergate hearings on national news,
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ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ ื•ื•ื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื•ืช,
00:31
to the teacher who had to rent a projector when her school couldnโ€™t afford one,
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ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืงืจืŸ ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืื—ื“,
00:35
Harvey saw a desperate need for political reform.
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ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื ื•ืืฉ ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
00:40
Milk strongly believed that tight knit neighborhoods
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ืžื™ืœืง ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช
00:43
were essential to the fabric of the city,
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ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืืจื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
00:45
and that government should solve those communityโ€™s most practical problems.
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ื•ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
00:49
From fixing potholes and putting up stop signs,
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ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืช ืชืžืจื•ืจื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื,
00:52
to promoting a friendly culture of cooperation,
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ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
00:55
Milk envisioned a more personal approach to local government.
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ืžื™ืœืง ืจืื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™.
00:59
This philosophy led him to run for the cityโ€™s Board of Supervisors
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ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
01:03
as the representative for his own district,
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ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื•,
01:06
which included the heart of American gay culture,
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
01:09
the Castro.
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ื”ืงืืกื˜ืจื•.
01:11
At this time, police brutality, discrimination and media stereotyping
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจืชื™ืช, ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื”
01:15
plagued the LGBT community,
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ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ืข ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”,
01:18
labeling Harvey and his supporters as political outsiders.
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ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื• ื›ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:22
But Milk refused to downplay his sexuality.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœืง ืกืจื‘ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:25
He was sure that gay rights could never be won from the closet,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื•ืŸ,
01:29
and he saw the Castro
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืงืืกื˜ืจื•
01:31
as one of many minorities without representation in city politics.
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ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช.
01:35
Milk was determined to bring these basic government services
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ืžื™ืœืง ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:39
to all of San Franciscoโ€™s disenfranchised groups,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•,
01:42
regardless of race, age, or sexuality.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ืข, ื’ื™ืœ ืื• ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:46
But despite his flair for public speaking
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
01:48
and open-hearted approach,
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ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”,
01:50
voters couldnโ€™t see Milkโ€™s radical vision.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืง.
01:53
In 1973, he lost his first bid for the Board of Supervisors.
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ื‘ 1973, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ื™ื.
01:57
In 1975, he lost again.
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ื‘ 1975, ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘.
02:00
A year later, he ran for the California Assemblyโ€“ and lost.
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ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ืœืžืœื™ืืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” - ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื“.
02:04
Yet he tirelessly continued to support his district,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ืฉืœื•,
02:08
befriending bartenders, construction unions, and local Chinese grocers.
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ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื‘ืจืžื ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื ืื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:13
This earned him the affectionate title, the "mayor of Castro Street.โ€
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ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื”, "ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืงืืกื˜ืจื•."
02:17
And when he ran his third campaign for the Board of Supervisors in 1977,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืฅ ื‘ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื• ืœืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ื‘ 1977,
02:22
Harvey finally won the seatโ€“
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ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ -
02:25
becoming one of the first openly gay public officials in US history.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
02:30
Elated, Milk arrived in office determined to make lasting change.
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ืžืื•ืฉืจ, ืžื™ืœืง ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
02:34
He immediately introduced a bill outlawing discrimination on the grounds of sexuality
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืคืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช
02:40
and launched a major clean-up of the city.
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ื•ืคืชื— ื‘ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
02:42
But not everyone was happy with this direction.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
02:45
Anti-gay sentiment was gaining national momentum,
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ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื’ืื™ื ืชืคืฉ ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
02:48
especially in the form of Californiaโ€™s Proposition 6.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื” 6 ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
02:52
The proposition, which sought to make it illegal
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืœื ื—ื•ืงื™
02:55
for homosexuals to work in Californian schools,
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ืœื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
02:58
would prove to be the biggest battle of Milkโ€™s career.
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ืชื•ื›ื— ื›ืงืจื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืง.
03:02
Supporters of Prop 6 attacked the LGBT community,
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ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื” 6 ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืื”,
03:06
calling them unfit to work with students.
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ื•ืงืจืื• ืœื”ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
03:09
But Milk urged them not to hide in fear:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœืง ื“ื—ืง ื‘ื”ื ืœื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืคื—ื“:
03:12
โ€œCome out to your relatives.
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"ืฆืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื›ื.
03:13
Come out to your friends, if indeed they are your friends.
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ืฆืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื, ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื›ื.
03:16
Come out to your neighbors, to your fellow workersโ€ฆ
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ืฆืื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื ื™ื›ื, ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”....
03:19
break down the myths.
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ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื.
03:20
Destroy the lies and distortions.
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ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื.
03:23
For your sake. For their sake.โ€
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื›ื. ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื."
03:26
Alongside other activists,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:27
he ran an incandescent campaign against hate.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฅ ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื”ืง ื ื’ื“ ืฉื ืื”.
03:31
On November 7, 1978,
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ื‘ 7 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ, 1978,
03:33
Prop 6 was defeated in a landslide.
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ื”ืฆืขื” 6 ื”ื•ื‘ืกื” ื‘ืžืคื•ืœืช.
03:37
It was proof that Milkโ€™s message was gaining traction.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœืง ืชืคืฉ ืชืื•ืฆื”.
03:40
But just twenty days after this inspiring victory,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
he was assassinated at City Hallโ€“
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” -
03:46
killed alongside San Francisco Mayor George Moscone.
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ื ื”ืจื’ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžื•ืกืงื•ื ื™.
03:50
Both men had been murdered by Dan White,
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜,
03:53
a former fellow supervisor,
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ืขืžื™ืช ืžืคืงื— ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
03:55
who had positioned himself against those he called "radicals, social deviates
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ืฉืžื™ืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• "ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช
04:00
and incorrigibles.โ€
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ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื ื”."
04:02
He had frequently clashed with Harvey at Board meetings,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืžื•ืขืฆื”,
04:05
and resented the spirit of change which Milk personified for many.
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœืง ื’ื™ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:09
The night of Milk's murder,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื• ืžื™ืœืง ื ืจืฆื—,
04:11
thousands marched by candlelight through the city.
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ืืœืคื™ื ืฆืขื“ื• ืœืื•ืจ ื ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
04:14
In the wake of this tragedy,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”,
04:16
yet another injustice arose.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœื”.
04:18
In a highly controversial verdict,
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ื‘ืคืกืง ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
04:20
White received a sentence of only seven years and eight monthsโ€“
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
04:24
a decision that sparked uproar throughout the city
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ
04:27
in what became known as the White Night Riots.
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
04:31
But even after his death,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•,
04:32
Milk continued to preach his hopeful cause.
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ืžื™ืœืง ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžืœืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•.
04:35
He left his friends and followers a total of three different tapes
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืœืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื• ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
04:40
to be played in the event of his assassination.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืจืฆื—.
04:43
They leave us with a call to action,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”,
04:45
and a reminder that everyone is welcome in the fight against injustice:
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ื•ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง:
04:51
"I ask for the movement to continueโ€ฆ
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"ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš..
04:53
and if a bullet should enter my brain,
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ื•ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื—ื™,
04:55
let that bullet destroy every closet doorโ€ฆโ€
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ืชื ื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ืœืช ืืจื•ืŸ..."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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