RNAi: Slicing, dicing and serving your cells - Alex Dainis

377,847 views ใƒป 2013-08-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:07
You can think of your cells
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
00:08
as the kitchen in a busy restaurant.
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ื›ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืขืžื•ืกื”.
00:10
Sometimes your body orders chicken.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฃ.
00:13
Other times, it orders steak.
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง.
00:15
Your cells have to be able to crank out
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ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
00:17
whatever the body needs
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆืจื™ืš
00:18
and quickly.
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ื•ืžื”ืจ.
00:19
When an order comes in,
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ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”,
00:20
the chef looks to the cookbook, your DNA,
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ื”ืฉืฃ ืžื—ืคืฉืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื”DNA ืฉืœื›ื,
00:23
for the recipe.
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ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ.
00:24
She then transcribes that message
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื” ืื– ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”
00:26
onto a piece of paper called RNA
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ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืืช RNA
00:28
and brings it back to her countertop, the ribosome.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉื˜ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ื.
00:31
There, she can translate the recipe into a meal,
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ืฉื, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืจื•ื—ื”,
00:34
or for your cells, a protein,
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ืื• ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ,
00:36
by following the directions that she's copied down.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:39
But RNA does more for the cell
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ืื‘ืœ RNA ืขื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื
00:41
than just act as a messenger
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ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืฉืœื™ื—
00:42
between a cook and her cookbook.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืฉืœื”.
00:44
It can move in reverse and create DNA,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื•ื– ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ DNA,
00:47
it can direct amino acids to their targets,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
00:49
or it can take part in RNA interference,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืคืจืขืช RNA,
00:52
or RNAi.
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ืื• RNAi.
00:54
But wait!
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื›ื•!
00:55
Why would RNA want to interfere with itself?
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ืœืžื” RNA ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืขืฆืžื•?
00:57
Well, sometimes a cell doesn't want to turn
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš
01:00
all of the messenger RNA it creates into protein,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”RNA ื”ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
01:03
or it may need to destroy RNA injected into the cell
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ RNA ืฉื”ื•ื–ืจืง ืœืชื
01:06
by an attacking virus.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืชื•ืงืฃ.
01:08
Say, for example, in our cellular kitchen,
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื”ืชืื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:10
that someone wanted to cancel their order
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœื•
01:12
or decided they wanted chips instead of fries.
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ืื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื.
01:15
That's where RNAi comes in.
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ืฉื ื ื›ื ืก RNAi.
01:18
Thankfully, your cells have the perfect knives
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื•, ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื
01:19
for just this kind of job.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
01:21
When the cell finds or produces
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื ืžื•ืฆื ืื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ
01:23
long, double-stranded RNA molecules,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช RNA ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชืœื•ืช,
01:25
it chops these molecules up
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืชืš ืื•ืชืŸ
01:27
with a protein actually named dicer.
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ืขื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืงืจื ื›ื•ืชืฉ.
01:30
Now, these short snippets of RNA
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ RNA
01:31
are floating around in the cell,
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ืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื,
01:33
and they're picked up by something called RISC,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืœืงื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื RISC,
01:35
the RNA Silencing Complex.
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ืžืชื—ื ื”ืฉืชืงืช ื”RNA.
01:38
It's composed of a few different proteins,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื›ืžื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:40
the most important being slicer.
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ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืชืš.
01:42
This is another aptly named protein,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื ืจืื•ื™,
01:44
and we'll get to why in just a second.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืœืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
01:47
RISC strips these small chunks
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RISC ืžืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:48
of double-stranded RNA in half,
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ืฉืœ RNA ืžืœื•ืคืฃ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืœื—ืฆื™,
01:50
using the single strand to target matching mRNA,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ mRNA,
01:54
looking for pieces that fit together
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ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
01:55
like two halves of a sandwich.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ื—ืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืš.
01:57
When it finds the matching piece of mRNA,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ mRNA,
01:59
RISC's slicer protein slices it up.
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืชืš RISC ื—ื•ืชืš ืื•ืชื•.
02:02
The cell then realizes
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ื”ืชื ืื– ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
02:03
there are odd, strangely sized pieces
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:06
of RNA floating around
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ืฉืœ RNA ืฉืฆืคื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
02:07
and destroys them,
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ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ,
02:08
preventing the mRNA from being turned into protein.
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ืžื•ื ืข ืžื” mRNA ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:11
So, you have double-stranded RNA,
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ืื–, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ RNA ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื,
02:13
you dice it up,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื,
02:14
it targets mRNA,
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ืืชื ืžื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื mRNA,
02:16
and then that gets sliced up, too.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ื—ืชืš.
02:18
Voila!
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ื•ื•ืืœื”!
02:19
You've prevented expression
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ืืชื ืžื ืขืชื ื”ื‘ืขื”
02:20
and saved yourself some unhappy diners.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžืกื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื.
02:23
So, how did anybody ever figure this out?
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ืื–, ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ ืคืขื?
02:26
Well, the process was first discovered in petunias
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื•ื ื™ื•ืช
02:29
when botanists trying to create deep purple blooms
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ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ืงืื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช
02:32
introduced a pigment-producing gene into the flowers.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื.
02:35
But instead of darker flowers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคืจื—ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:37
they found flowers with white patches
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืคืจื—ื™ื ืขื ื›ืชืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
02:38
and no pigment at all.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
02:40
Instead of using the RNA produced by the new gene
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ RNA ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
02:43
to create more pigment,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜,
02:44
the flowers were actually using it
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ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื•
02:45
to knock down the pigment-producing pathway,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜,
02:48
destroying RNA
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• RNA
02:49
from the plant's original genes with RNAi,
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ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื RNAi ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—,
02:51
and leaving them with pigment-free white flowers.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ืคืจื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜.
02:54
Scientists saw a similar phenomena
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื”
02:56
in tiny worms called C. elegans,
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ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืงื˜ื ื• ืฉื ืจืื•ืช C ืืœื’ื ืก,
02:58
and once they figured out what was happening,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”,
03:00
they realized they could use RNAi
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ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ RNAi
03:02
to their advantage.
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ืœืชื•ืขืœืชื.
03:03
Want to see what happens
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
03:05
when a certain gene is knocked out of a worm
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ื›ืฉื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžื”ืชื•ืœืขืช
03:06
or a fly?
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ืื• ืžื–ื‘ื•ื‘?
03:07
Introduce an RNAi construct for that gene,
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื” RNAi ืœื’ืŸ,
03:10
and bam!
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ื•ื‘ืื!
03:11
No more protein expression.
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
03:12
You can even get creative
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื
03:14
and target that effect to certain systems,
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
03:16
knocking down genes in just the brain,
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ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ื’ื ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื—,
03:18
or just the liver,
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ืื• ืจืง ื‘ื›ื‘ื“,
03:19
or just the heart.
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ืื• ืจืง ื‘ืœื‘.
03:20
Figuring out what happens
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”
03:21
when you knock down a gene in a certain system
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
03:23
can be an important step
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:25
in figuring out what that gene does.
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ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:28
But RNAi isn't just for understanding
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ืื‘ืœ RNAi ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
03:30
how things happen.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื.
03:31
It can also be a powerful, therapeutic tool
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ื™ ื—ื–ืง
03:34
and could be a way for us to manipulate
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืœื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช
03:36
what is happening within own cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืื™ื.
03:38
Researchers have been experimenting
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:39
with using it to their advantage in medicine,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”,
03:41
including targeting RNA and tumor cells
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื— RNA ื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
03:43
in the hopes of turning off cancer-causing genes.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:46
In theory, our cellular kitchens
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:48
could serve up an order of cells,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื,
03:50
hold the cancer.
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ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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