This sea creature breathes through its butt - Cella Wright

427,705 views ใƒป 2020-04-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Can you guess what youโ€™re looking at?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื?
00:09
Is it a fuzzy sock? An overripe banana? A moldy tube of toothpaste?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื’ืจื‘ ืคืœื•ืžืชื™ืช? ื‘ื ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื” ืžื“ื™? ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ืขื‘ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื?
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื ื•ืข, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:16
In fact, this is the humble sea cucumber, and while it might look odd,
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00:21
its daily toil paves the way for entire ecosystems to thrive.
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช.
00:26
Sea cucumbers are members of the phylum Echinodermata,
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ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ื•ื ืื›ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื”,
00:30
along with sea urchins, starfish and other radially symmetrical,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ ื™ื, ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
00:35
โ€œspiny-skinnedโ€ marine invertebrates.
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ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืฆื™.
00:38
Some sea cucumbers have feathery tentacles flowing from their mouths,
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ืœื›ืžื” ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืคื™ื”ื,
00:42
some are puffed like bloated balloons,
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ื›ืžื” ื ืคื•ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื,
00:45
and others simply look like Headless Chicken Monstersโ€”
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืจืืฉ --
00:48
the actual name given to a rare deep-sea species.
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ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
00:52
But they are generally characterized by their long, cylindrical shape.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:56
A sea cucumber is essentially a brainless, fleshy form surrounding a digestive tract,
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ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื— ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
01:02
bookended by a mouth and an anus.
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ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ืคื” ื•ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
01:05
Adhesive tube feet run the length of their bodies
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
01:08
and allow them to scoot along the seafloor.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
01:12
Specialized tube feet can be used for feeding and respiration,
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ืจื’ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
01:15
though many sea cucumbers actually breathe through their anuses.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:20
Rhythmically contracting and relaxing their muscles,
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ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืจืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:23
they draw water in and out over an internal lung-like structure
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืจืื•ืช
01:27
called a respiratory tree that extracts oxygen from seawater.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืขืฅ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืžืžืฆื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืžื™ ื™ื.
01:32
Certain species of crabs and pearlfish
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื”
01:34
take advantage of this rhythmic action and,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
01:37
once the sea cucumberโ€™s anus is dilated, they shimmy in and take shelter.
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื—ื‘, ื”ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืžื—ืกื”.
01:42
The rear end of a single sea cucumber can harbor up to fifteen pearlfish at a time.
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ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืžื—ืกื” ืœืขื“ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื“ื’ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
01:48
However, it seems that not all sea cucumbers
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื
01:51
put up with this intrusive behavior.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
01:53
Some species are equipped with five teeth around their anus,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืก,
01:57
suggesting that they may have taken an evolutionary stand
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
02:00
against unwanted guests.
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ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื.
02:03
But even sea cucumbers that lack anal teeth
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื ืœื™ื•ืช
02:05
are outfitted with tools to defend themselves.
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ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
02:08
They evade threats and launch counter-attacks
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืฉื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื ื’ื“
02:10
using their mutable collagenous tissue, or MCT.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืงืžื” ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื• MCT.
02:14
This gel-like tissue contains bundles of collagen, called โ€œfibrils.โ€
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ื”ืจืงืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’โ€™ืœ ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื’ืŸ, ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช โ€œืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื.โ€
02:19
Proteins can interact with these fibrils to slide them together,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ื“,
02:23
stiffening the tissue, or apart, softening it.
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ืžืงืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื”, ืื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžืจื›ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
02:27
This versatile tissue has many advantages:
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ืœืจืงืžื” ื”ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช:
02:30
it aids in efficient locomotion,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”,
02:32
enables sea cucumbers to fit into small spaces,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
02:35
and allows them to reproduce asexually by splitting apart.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืคืฆืœื•ืช.
02:39
But MCTโ€™s most explosive application is employed when a predator attacks.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ MCT ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืช ืชืงื™ืคื”.
02:45
By loosening the attachments of internal tissues
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช
02:48
then quickly softening and contracting their muscles,
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ื•ืื– ืจื™ื›ื•ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:50
many species are capable of shooting a wide range of organs
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืจื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ื
02:54
out of their anuses.
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ืžืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:55
This act is called โ€œeviscerationโ€
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขื™ื™ื"
02:57
and itโ€™s a surprisingly effective defense mechanism.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื›ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื”.
03:01
In addition to startling and distracting predators,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคื—ื“ืช ื•ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
03:03
the innards of some sea cucumber species are sticky and toxic.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืจืขื™ืœื™ื.
03:08
Evisceration may seem drastic,
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ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช,
03:10
but sea cucumbers are able to regenerate what theyโ€™ve lost to their gut reaction
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื” ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžืขื™ื™ื
03:14
in just a few weeksโ€™ time.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
03:16
Aside from the few species that have evolved to swim
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืฉื—ื•ืช
03:19
and those that feed without moving,
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื”,
03:21
many of these cumbersome creatures pass their time grazing the seabed.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืจื•ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื.
03:26
Sea cucumbers are found everywhere from shallow shores
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ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื•ืคื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื
03:29
to abyssal trenches 6,000 meters below sea level.
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ืœืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 6000 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
03:33
On the deep sea floor, they comprise the majority of animal biomass,
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ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื”, ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื• ืžืืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:37
reaching up to 95% in some areas.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืขื“ 95% ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื.
03:41
As these sausage-shaped wonders trudge along, they vacuum up sand,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœืื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื” ื”ืืœื” ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืื™ื˜ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ,
03:46
digest the organic matter it contains, and excrete the byproduct.
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ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ, ื•ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™.
03:50
In this process, sea cucumbers clean and oxygenate the seafloor
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ืžื ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืžืฆื ื™ื ืืช ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื
03:54
by breaking down detritus and recycling nutrients.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืง ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
03:58
This creates the conditions for sea grass beds and shellfish to thrive.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืœืžืฆืข ืœืขืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
04:02
Sea cucumber excretions can also aid in coral formation
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ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
04:06
and may play a role in buffering marine environments from ocean acidification.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:11
As the oceanโ€™s vacuum cleaners, they are very good at their job:
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ื›ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื:
04:15
about half of the sandy seafloor
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ืช
04:17
is thought to have passed through the digestive tract of a sea cucumber.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื.
04:21
So next time youโ€™re rejoicing in the feeling of sand
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ
04:24
crunching between your toes, consider this:
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื›ื, ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”:
04:27
those very grains of sand might have, at one point or another,
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ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ืื•ืœื™, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืื—ืจ,
04:32
been excreted by a pickle that breathes through its butt.
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ื”ื•ืคืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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