Why are sharks so awesome? - Tierney Thys

1,509,157 views ใƒป 2016-11-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:08
Sharks have been celebrated as powerful gods
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืืœื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
00:10
by some native cultures.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
00:12
For example, Fijians believe the shark god Dakuwaqa,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืฉื™ ืคื™ื’'ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื“ืืงื•ื•ืืงื”,
00:17
could protect fisherman from the dangers at sea.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื.
00:19
And today, sharks are recognized as apex predators of the world's ocean
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื›ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:24
and include some of the Earth's longest living vertebrates.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:27
What is it that makes these fish worthy of our ancient legends
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ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:30
and so successful in the seas?
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื?
00:33
Much of their hunting prowess stems from a unique set of biological traits
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืกื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
00:36
honed for more than 400 million years.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-400 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:42
Their cartilaginous skeletons are less dense than bony ones
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ื”ืฉืœื“ ื”ืกื—ื•ืกื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื“ื—ื•ืก ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื“ ืžืขืฆื
00:45
and require less energy to move.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื•ื–.
00:48
Large oily livers lend buoyancy to their streamlined bodies,
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ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ
00:52
and while trunk muscles of bony fishes attach directly to their skeletons,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
00:56
those of sharks also join to their skin.
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ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื ืœืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
00:58
This special design transforms them into pressurized tubes
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ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื—ืฅ
01:02
whose springy skin can efficiently transmit muscular forces to the tail.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื–ื ื‘.
01:07
Shark skin has additional remarkable features.
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ืœืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
01:10
Despite its smooth external appearance,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื—ืœืง ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
01:12
at the micro level, it has a coarse texture
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืจืงื ื’ืก
01:15
thanks to thousands of tiny teeth-like scales
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืืœืคื™ ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:18
called dermal denticles.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:20
Each denticle is coated in a substance called enameloid,
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ื›ืœ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืื ืžืœื•ืื™ื“,
01:24
which turns the skin into a tough shield.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื—.
01:26
Plus the structure of denticles varies across the body
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:29
in such a way as to reduce noise and drag
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื•ื”ื’ืจืจ
01:32
when the shark moves through water.
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื ืข ื‘ืžื™ื.
01:34
As for the teeth in their mouths,
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื,
01:36
sharks can produce up to 50,000 in a lifetime.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื“ 50,000 ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:39
On average, they can lose one tooth a week,
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืฉืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
01:42
and each time that happens,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
01:43
it's rapidly replaced.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืœืคืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
01:45
Thanks to a layer of fluoride coating their teeth,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“ ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:47
sharks also avoid cavities.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:50
But teeth aren't the same in all sharks.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื.
01:52
They can vary across species and by diet.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
01:55
Some are dense and flattened,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช,
01:56
useful for crushing mollusks.
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ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืกื•ืง ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช.
01:59
Others are needle-like for gripping fish.
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ืื—ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืœืื—ื™ื–ืช ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:02
The mouths of Great Whites contain pointy lower teeth for holding prey
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ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ืงืช ื˜ืจืฃ
02:06
and triangular serrated upper teeth for slicing.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš.
02:10
This variety enables sharks to target prey in a diversity of ocean environments.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:16
Many species also have another peculiar trait -
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ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช โ€“
02:19
the ability to launch their jaws out of their mouths,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:22
open them extra wide,
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ืœืคืชื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืจื—ื‘,
02:23
and grab prey by surprise.
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ื•ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ื”ืคืชืขื”.
02:26
Over the course of evolution,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
02:27
shark brains have expanded,
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ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•,
02:29
coupled with the growth of their sensory organs.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:32
Modern-day sharks can smell a few drops of blood
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ื
02:34
and hear sounds underwater from 800 meters away.
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง 800 ืžื˜ืจ.
02:39
They're particularly well-tuned to low frequencies,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื ื™ื ืœืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช,
02:41
including those emitted by dying fish.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืฉื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช.
02:44
And like cats, they have reflective membranes called tapeta lucida
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ื˜ืคื˜ื” ืœื•ืกื™ื“ื”
02:48
at the backs of their eyes
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ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื
02:49
that dramatically improve their vision in low light.
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ืฉืžืฉืคืจื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš.
02:52
As if these heightened abilities weren't enough,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืช,
02:55
sharks have even honed a sixth sense.
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื“ื“ื• ื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉื™.
02:57
They're able to hunt using a network of electrosensory cells
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ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœ
03:01
called ampullae of Lorenzini.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืžืคื•ืœื” ืœื•ืจื ื–ื™ื ื™.
03:04
These cells are filled with hypersensitive jelly
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื’'ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ
03:06
which allows them to detect electrical signals from prey,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืฃ,
03:09
including the slightest twitch of a muscle.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ.
03:12
Some of the most iconic shark species,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื™ื,
03:14
like Great Whites, Makos, Porbeagles, and Salmon Sharks
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืจื—ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”, ืžื™ื™ืงื•, ืคื•ืจื‘ื™ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
03:19
owe their success to another surprising trait:
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ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืœืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื ื•ืกืคืช:
03:21
warm blood inside a cold-blooded creature.
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ื“ื ื—ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื™-ื“ื.
03:25
Inside their bodies,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื,
03:26
they have bundles of arteries and veins
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ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืงื™ื
03:28
called rete mirabile.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื˜ื” ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืœ.
03:30
Here, venous blood warmed up by the shark's working muscles
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ื›ืืŸ, ื“ื ื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืžื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ,
03:33
passes right next to arteries carrying cold, oxygen-rich blood from the gills.
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื“ื ืงืจ, ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžื”ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
03:38
This arrangement transfers heat to the blood
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ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื ืœื“ื
03:40
that gets cycled back to the body's vital organs.
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ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:43
Warmer muscles enable faster, more powerful swimming,
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ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:46
while warmer bellies aid digestion,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ,
03:48
and the more rapid development of young in utero.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื.
03:51
And warmer eyes and brains keep the sharks alert in cold waters.
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ื•ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื.
03:55
With these amazing adaptations, there's more to revere than fear
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื—ื“
04:00
from the 500 shark species roaming our oceans.
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ืž-500 ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
04:03
Unfortunately, one-third of these species are threatened
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:06
due to overfishing.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ.
04:08
After millions of years in the making,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
04:10
these apex predators may be meeting their greatest challenge yet.
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื”ืขืœ ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ ื›ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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