Inside the killer whale matriarchy - Darren Croft

1,636,313 views ใƒป 2018-12-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:09
Off the rugged coast of the pacific northwest,
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืกืœืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
00:13
pods of killer whales inhabit the frigid waters.
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ืžืื›ืœืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืœื”ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื.
00:17
Each family is able to survive here
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ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืคื”
00:19
thanks mainly to one member,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื”ืงื”,
00:21
its most knowledgeable hunter:
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ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:23
the grandmother.
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ื”ืกื‘ืชื.
00:25
These matriarchs can live eighty years or more,
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ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:28
while most males die off in their thirties.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:31
Though killer whales inhabit every major ocean,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื™ืงืจื™,
00:34
until recently we knew very little about them.
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
00:37
The details of their lives eluded scientists
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ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื—ืžืงื• ืžืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:40
until an organization called the Center for Whale Research
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ืขื“ ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื"
00:44
began studying a single population
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:46
near Washington State and British Columbia in 1976.
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ืœื™ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘-1976.
00:51
Thanks to their ongoing work,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
00:52
weโ€™ve learned a great deal about these whales,
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
00:55
known as the Southern Residents.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›"ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื".
00:57
And the more we learn,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:59
the more this populationโ€™s eldersโ€™ vital role comes into focus.
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ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:04
Each grandmother starts her life as a calf
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ื›ืœ ืกื‘ืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื”
01:07
born into her motherโ€™s family group, or matriline.
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”, ืื• ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ืช.
01:10
The family does everything together,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“,
01:12
hunting and playing, even communicating through their own unique set of calls.
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ืฆื“ื”, ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ื‘ืกื˜ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”.
01:18
Both sons and daughters spend their entire lives with their mothersโ€™ families.
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ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืžื.
01:23
That doesnโ€™t mean a young whale only interacts with her relatives.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืจืง ืขื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”.
01:28
Besides their own special calls,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื,
01:30
her matriline shares a dialect with nearby families,
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ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื ื™ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
01:33
and they socialize regularly.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื“ื™ืจ.
01:35
Once a female reaches age fifteen or so,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ืงื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœื’ื™ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื”,
01:39
these meetings become opportunities to mate with males from other groups.
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ืขื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:43
The relationships donโ€™t go much beyond matingโ€”
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช --
01:46
she and her calves stay with her family,
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ื”ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”,
01:49
while the male returns to his own mother.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืื™ืžื•.
01:52
Until approximately age forty,
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ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื,
01:54
she gives birth every 6 years on average.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
01:57
Then, she goes through menopauseโ€”
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ --
02:00
which is almost unheard of in the animal kingdom.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
02:03
In fact, humans, killer whales and a few other whales
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
02:07
are the only species whose females continue to live for years
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ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื
02:11
after they stop reproducing.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:14
After menopause,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ,
02:15
grandmothers take the lead hunting for salmon,
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ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
02:18
the Southern Residentsโ€™ main food source.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
02:21
Most of the winter they forage offshore,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
02:23
supplementing salmon with other fish.
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ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœืชืคืจื™ื˜ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืคืจื˜ ืœืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
02:26
But when the salmon head towards shore in droves to spawn,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืจื™ืฅ,
02:30
the killer whales follow.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
02:32
The matriarch shows the younger whales
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืžืจืื” ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
02:34
where to find the most fertile fishing grounds.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื™ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื.
02:37
She also shares up to 90% of the salmon she catches.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ื•ืœืงืช ืขื“ 90% ืžื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ืช.
02:42
With each passing year,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช,
02:44
her contributions become more vital:
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ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ:
02:46
overfishing and habitat destruction have decimated salmon populations,
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ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ ื•ื”ืจืก ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ,
02:51
putting the whales at near-constant risk of starvation.
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ืช ืจืขื‘.
02:56
These grandmothersโ€™ expertise
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ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช
02:58
can mean the difference between life and death for their familiesโ€“
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ --
03:01
but why do they stop having calves?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืŸ ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ืžืœื™ื˜?
03:04
Itโ€™s almost always advantageous for a female to continue reproducing,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ืงื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:08
even if she also cares for her existing children and grandchildren.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื”.
03:12
A couple unique circumstances change this equation for killer whales.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื.
03:17
The fact that neither sons or daughters
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
03:20
leave their families of origin is extremely rareโ€”
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ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
03:23
in almost all animal species,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
03:26
one or both sexes disperse.
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ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื.
03:28
This means that as a female killer whale ages,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื ืงื‘ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืงื˜ืœืŸ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช,
03:31
a greater percentage of her family
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ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื”
03:33
consists of her children and grandchildren,
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ื”,
03:36
while more distant relatives die off.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื.
03:39
Because older females are more closely related to the group than younger females,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืงื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
03:44
they do best to invest in the family as a whole,
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื”,
03:47
whereas younger females should invest in reproducing.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:51
In the killer whaleโ€™s environment,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื,
03:52
every new calf is another mouth to feed
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ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืคื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ
03:55
on limited, shared resources.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
03:58
An older female can further her genes without burdening her family
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ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”
04:02
by supporting her adult sons,
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ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื,
04:04
who sire calves other families will raise.
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ืฉืžืžืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืชื’ื“ืœื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:07
This might be why the females have evolved
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
04:10
to stop reproducing entirely in middle age.
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
04:14
Even with the grandmothersโ€™ contributions,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืชื,
04:16
the Southern Resident killer whales are critically endangered,
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ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช,
04:20
largely due to a decline in salmon.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
04:23
We urgently need to invest in restoring salmon populations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ
04:26
to save them from extinction.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
04:28
In the long term, weโ€™ll need more studies like the Center for Whale Researchโ€™s.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
04:32
What weโ€™ve learned about the Southern Residents
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ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ื
04:34
may not hold true for other groups.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:37
By studying other populations closely,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
04:39
we might uncover more startling adaptations,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
04:42
and anticipate their vulnerabilities to human interference
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ื•ื ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:46
before their survival is at risk.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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