Inside the killer whale matriarchy - Darren Croft

1,655,077 views ・ 2018-12-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: gcgh_ zootopia κ²€ν† : Won Jang
00:09
Off the rugged coast of the pacific northwest,
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νƒœν‰μ–‘ μ—°μ•ˆ λΆμ„œλΆ€ λ°”μœ„νˆ¬μ„±μ΄ ν•΄μ•ˆμ˜
00:13
pods of killer whales inhabit the frigid waters.
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μ°¨κ°€μš΄ λ¬Ό μ†μ—μ„œ λ²”κ³ λž˜ λ–Όκ°€ μ„œμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
Each family is able to survive here
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λ²”κ³ λž˜ 가쑱듀이 μ΄κ³³μ—μ„œ 살아남을 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은
00:19
thanks mainly to one member,
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κ°€μ‘± ꡬ성원 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ©°
00:21
its most knowledgeable hunter:
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κ°€μž₯ κ²½ν—˜μ΄ λ§Žμ€ 사λƒ₯꾼인
00:23
the grandmother.
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜ λ•λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
These matriarchs can live eighty years or more,
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이 μ—¬μ‘±μž₯듀은 80년이 λ„˜κ²Œ μƒμ‘΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
while most males die off in their thirties.
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반면 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ€ 수λͺ…이 30λ…„ 정도 밖에 μ•ˆλ˜μ§€μš”.
00:31
Though killer whales inhabit every major ocean,
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λ²”κ³ λž˜λ“€μ€ λͺ¨λ“  μ£Όμš” ν•΄μ–‘μ—μ„œ μ„œμ‹ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:34
until recently we knew very little about them.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 삢에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ•„λŠ” 게 λ³„λ‘œ μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
The details of their lives eluded scientists
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이듀 μƒμ• μ˜ ꡬ체적인 λͺ¨μŠ΅μ΄ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ•Œλ €μ§„ 것은
고래 연ꡬ 센터라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 기ꡬ가
00:40
until an organization called the Center for Whale Research
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00:44
began studying a single population
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1976년에 μ›Œμ‹±ν„΄ 주와 λΈŒλ¦¬ν‹°μ‹œ μ»¬λŸΌλΉ„μ•„ μ£Ό κ·Όμ²˜μ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ”
00:46
near Washington State and British Columbia in 1976.
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ν•œ 집단에 에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ ν•œ μ΄ν›„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
Thanks to their ongoing work,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 지속적인 연ꡬ 덕뢄에
00:52
we’ve learned a great deal about these whales,
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λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ˜ 주인듀이라고도 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” 이듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ§Žμ€ 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
known as the Southern Residents.
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00:57
And the more we learn,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 많이 μ—°κ΅¬ν• μˆ˜λ‘
00:59
the more this population’s elders’ vital role comes into focus.
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λ…Έλ…„κΈ° λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ 역할은 λ”μš±λ” λšœλ ·ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
Each grandmother starts her life as a calf
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜λŠ” μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ κ°€μ‘± 즉, λͺ¨κ³„μ—μ„œ μƒˆλΌλ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜
01:07
born into her mother’s family group, or matriline.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 삢을 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
The family does everything together,
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가쑱듀은 λͺ¨λ“  것을 ν•¨κ»˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
hunting and playing, even communicating through their own unique set of calls.
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사λƒ₯, 놀이 심지어 κ·Έλ“€ μžμ‹ μ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
01:18
Both sons and daughters spend their entire lives with their mothers’ families.
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λ²”κ³ λž˜ μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€ 평생을 λͺ¨κ³„μ—μ„œ λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
That doesn’t mean a young whale only interacts with her relatives.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  λͺ¨κ³„ λ‚΄μ—μ„œλ§Œ μ†Œν†΅ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
Besides their own special calls,
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λͺ¨κ³„λŠ” κ·Έλ“€λ§Œμ˜ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ μ‹ ν˜ΈλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
01:30
her matriline shares a dialect with nearby families,
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κ°€κΉŒμ΄μ— μžˆλŠ” λ²”κ³ λž˜λ“€κ³Ό ν‘œν˜„ 방식을 κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³ 
01:33
and they socialize regularly.
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μ„œλ‘œ λ§Œλ‚¨μ„ κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Once a female reaches age fifteen or so,
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암컷이 15μ‚΄ 즈음이 되면
01:39
these meetings become opportunities to mate with males from other groups.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ§Œλ‚¨μœΌλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 무리의 수컷과 짝짓기λ₯Ό ν•  기회λ₯Ό μ–»μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
The relationships don’t go much beyond matingβ€”
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 κ΄€κ³„λŠ” μ§μ§“κΈ°λ‘œ 끝이 λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
she and her calves stay with her family,
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μ•”μ»·κ³Ό μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€ 본래의 무리에 남고
01:49
while the male returns to his own mother.
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μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ€ 그의 μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ 무리둜 λŒμ•„κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:52
Until approximately age forty,
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거의 λ§ˆν” 살이 될 λ•ŒκΉŒμ§€,
01:54
she gives birth every 6 years on average.
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암컷은 ν‰κ· μ μœΌλ‘œ 6λ…„λ§ˆλ‹€ μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό λ‚³μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Then, she goes through menopauseβ€”
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이후 이듀은 폐경기에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€λŠ”λ°
02:00
which is almost unheard of in the animal kingdom.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ°œλ…μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
In fact, humans, killer whales and a few other whales
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인간, λ²”κ³ λž˜ 그리고 λͺ‡λͺ‡ κ³ λž˜λ“€μ€
02:07
are the only species whose females continue to live for years
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폐경기 이후에도 κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ 암컷듀이 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 쒅에 μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
after they stop reproducing.
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02:14
After menopause,
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폐경기가 μ§€λ‚˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
02:15
grandmothers take the lead hunting for salmon,
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜λ“€μ€ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μ£Όμš” 먹이인 연어사λƒ₯μ—μ„œ 선두에 μ„œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
the Southern Residents’ main food source.
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02:21
Most of the winter they forage offshore,
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겨울철 μ—°μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 그듀은 μ—°μ–΄λ₯Ό λŒ€μ‹ ν•˜λŠ”
02:23
supplementing salmon with other fish.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό μ°ΎμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
But when the salmon head towards shore in droves to spawn,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ—°μ–΄κ°€ μ•Œμ„ λ‚³κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 무리λ₯Ό 지어 ν•΄μ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ 갈 λ•Œ
02:30
the killer whales follow.
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λ²”κ³ λž˜λ“€μ€ 이듀을 λ’€λ”°λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
The matriarch shows the younger whales
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜λŠ” μƒˆλΌλ“€μ—κ²Œ
02:34
where to find the most fertile fishing grounds.
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ν’μš”λ‘œμš΄ μ–΄μž₯을 찾을 수 μžˆλŠ” 곳을 μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
She also shares up to 90% of the salmon she catches.
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λ˜ν•œ μžμ‹ μ΄ μž‘μ€ μ—°μ–΄μ˜ 90%κΉŒμ§€λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ μ£ΌκΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
With each passing year,
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ν•΄κ°€ 갈수둝
02:44
her contributions become more vital:
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ 역할은 더 μ€‘μš”ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
overfishing and habitat destruction have decimated salmon populations,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ‚¨νšκ³Ό μ„œμ‹μ§€ 파괴둜 인해 μ—°μ–΄μ˜ 개체 μˆ˜κ°€ 쀄어듀어
02:51
putting the whales at near-constant risk of starvation.
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고래λ₯Ό λŠμž„μ—†λŠ” ꡢ주림에 λΉ μ Έλ“€κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:56
These grandmothers’ expertise
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ 노련함은
02:58
can mean the difference between life and death for their families–
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κ°€μ‘± μ „μ²΄μ˜ 생사λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
but why do they stop having calves?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μ™œ 더 이상 μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό 낳지 μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:04
It’s almost always advantageous for a female to continue reproducing,
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암컷이 μžμ‹ μ˜ μžμ‹κ³Ό 손주듀을 λŒλ³΄λŠ” 것보닀
03:08
even if she also cares for her existing children and grandchildren.
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μƒˆλΌλ“€μ„ 계속 μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 것이 훨씬 더 μœ λ¦¬ν•œλ° 말이죠.
03:12
A couple unique circumstances change this equation for killer whales.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ 상황이 λ²”κ³ λž˜λ“€μ˜ 계산에 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
The fact that neither sons or daughters
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μžμ‹λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨κ°€μ‘±μ— λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ”
03:20
leave their families of origin is extremely rareβ€”
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ν”μΉ˜ μ•Šμ€ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
in almost all animal species,
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거의 λͺ¨λ“  λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…μ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”
03:26
one or both sexes disperse.
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이듀 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜ ν˜Ήμ€ λ‘˜ λ‹€κ°€ κ°€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ…λ¦½ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
This means that as a female killer whale ages,
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μ•”μ»· λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ λ‚˜μ΄κ°€ 듀어감에 따라
03:31
a greater percentage of her family
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κ°€μ‘± κ΅¬μ„±μ›μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€
03:33
consists of her children and grandchildren,
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μžμ‹λ“€κ³Ό 손주듀이 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ 되며
03:36
while more distant relatives die off.
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μ•„μ£Ό λ¨Ό μΉœμ²™λ“€μ˜ 개체 μˆ˜λŠ” 점점 μ€„μ–΄λ“€κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
Because older females are more closely related to the group than younger females,
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μ–΄λ¦° 암컷듀에 λΉ„ν•΄ λŠ™μ€ 암컷듀이 κ°€μ‘± 전체와 더 μΉœλ°€ν•˜λ―€λ‘œ
03:44
they do best to invest in the family as a whole,
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λŠ™μ€ 암컷듀은 κ°€μ‘± 전체λ₯Ό λŒλ³΄λŠ”λ° μ΅œμ„ μ„ λ‹€ν•˜κ³ 
03:47
whereas younger females should invest in reproducing.
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μ–΄λ¦° 암컷듀은 λ²ˆμ‹μ„ μœ„ν•΄ λ…Έλ ₯을 κΈ°μšΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
In the killer whale’s environment,
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λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ,
03:52
every new calf is another mouth to feed
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κ°“ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€ λ¨Ήμ—¬ μ‚΄λ €ν•˜λŠ” μ‹κ΅¬λ‘œμ„œ
03:55
on limited, shared resources.
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ν•œμ •λœ 먹이λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:58
An older female can further her genes without burdening her family
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λŠ™μ€ 암컷은 κ°€μ‘± μ „μ²΄μ—κ²Œ 뢀담을 주지 μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œλ„ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό 퍼뜨리기 μœ„ν•΄
04:02
by supporting her adult sons,
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성인이 된 아듀듀을 도와주어
04:04
who sire calves other families will raise.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 가쑱이 ν‚€μ›Œ 쀄 μžμ†λ“€μ„ λ‚³κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
This might be why the females have evolved
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이것이 암컷이 쀑년기에 λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것을
04:10
to stop reproducing entirely in middle age.
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λ©ˆμΆ”κ²Œ 된 μ΄μœ μΌμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
Even with the grandmothers’ contributions,
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ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ ν—Œμ‹ μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
04:16
the Southern Resident killer whales are critically endangered,
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λ‚¨λ°˜κ΅¬μ— μ„œμ‹ν•˜λŠ” λ²”κ³ λž˜λŠ”
μ—°μ–΄ 개체 수의 κ°μ†Œλ‘œ 인해 μ‹¬κ°ν•œ λ©Έμ’…μœ„κΈ°μ— μ²˜ν•΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
largely due to a decline in salmon.
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04:23
We urgently need to invest in restoring salmon populations
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ²”κ³ λž˜λ₯Ό λ©Έμ’…μœ„κΈ°λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:26
to save them from extinction.
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μ—°μ–΄ 개체 수λ₯Ό λ³΅μ›ν•˜λŠ”λ° λ…Έλ ₯을 κΈ°μšΈμ—¬μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:28
In the long term, we’ll need more studies like the Center for Whale Research’s.
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μž₯기적으둜 κ³ λž˜μ—°κ΅¬μ„Όν„°μ²˜λŸΌ λ²”κ³ λž˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ 관심을 κ°€μ§ˆ ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
What we’ve learned about the Southern Residents
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ²”κ³ λž˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ 것이
04:34
may not hold true for other groups.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ’…μ—κ²ŒλŠ” ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
By studying other populations closely,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 개체λ₯Ό λ©΄λ°€νžˆ μ—°κ΅¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
04:39
we might uncover more startling adaptations,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ²”κ³ λž˜μ˜ λ†€λΌμš΄ 적응λ ₯에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œ 수 있고,
04:42
and anticipate their vulnerabilities to human interference
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 생쑴이 μœ„ν—˜μ— μ²˜ν•˜κΈ° 전에
04:46
before their survival is at risk.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ κ°„μ„­μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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