The historical audacity of the Louisiana Purchase - Judy Walton

743,621 views ใƒป 2013-02-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:15
Have you heard the one about Thomas Jefferson
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ื”ืื ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ
00:17
and the Louisiana Territory?
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ื•ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื”?
00:19
Thomas Jefferson, author of The Declaration of Independence,
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ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
00:22
was not a fan of the new constitution presented in 1787.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ 1787.
00:27
He was very worried
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’
00:29
that The Constitution gave too much power
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื ืชื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—
00:32
to the new, national government,
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ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
00:33
and not enough power to the states,
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ื•ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
00:36
an issue known as "big government".
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื› "ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”".
00:39
Jefferson only reluctantly agreed to support it
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ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”
00:41
when his friend, James Madison,
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ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
00:43
promised to propose a bill of rights after it was ratified.
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื”.
00:47
But Jefferson's fears about big government did not go away.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจ.
00:51
For example, Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
00:55
proposed a national bank in 1790,
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื ืง ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ ื‘ 1790,
00:57
and Jefferson knew there was no provision in The Constitution
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ื•ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืงื”
01:01
to permit such a thing.
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ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
01:03
Hamilton claimed some sort of implied powers mumbo-jumbo.
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ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืขื™ื.
01:08
Sure, it wasn't written in The Constitution,
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื”,
01:10
but The Constitution implied that it could be done.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืฉืชืžืข ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช.
01:14
But, Jefferson wasn't buying it.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
01:16
Nonetheless, the bank was established
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื•ืงื
01:18
by Hamilton and President Washington.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:21
When Jefferson was sworn in as President in 1801,
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ื›ืฉื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ื‘ 1801,
01:24
he pledged to reduce the size and scope
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืงืฃ
01:27
of the national government.
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
01:29
But, of course, things didn't go exactly as he had planned.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื›ื ืŸ.
01:33
Spain secretly transferred the Louisiana Territory to France
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ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ืœื•ืื™ื–ืื ื” ืœืฆืจืคืช
01:37
right beneath Jefferson's nose.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ.
01:40
When Congress found out,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”,
01:41
they quickly began discussions with France
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ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ืฆืจืคืช
01:43
to buy a piece of the territory
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ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
01:46
along the Mississippi River for about $2 million.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื”ืจ ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš 2$ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
01:50
But, there was one little problem:
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”:
01:53
Jefferson knew there was no provision
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ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื ืื™
01:54
in The Constitution to buy foreign territory.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืงื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ืจื”.
01:58
So what was a strict constructionist to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืชื•ืžืš ื—ื•ืงื” ืื“ื•ืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
02:01
First, he tried to get an amendment to The Constitution passed
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงื”
02:05
that would expressly permit the purchase,
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ืฉื™ืจืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืงื ื™ื”,
02:07
but Congress wasn't willing to do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:09
Then, without permission, the U.S. negotiators in France
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ืื–, ื‘ืœื™ ืจืฉื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช
02:14
cut a deal for all of the territory
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ืขืฉื• ืขืกืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
02:16
for a cool $15 million dollars.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:19
That new land doubled the size of the nation!
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”!
02:23
Now Jefferson was really stuck.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืชืงื•ืข.
02:25
He knew that the territory would be a great acquisition for the country,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืจื›ื™ืฉื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืืจืฅ,
02:29
providing lots of new land for farmers and other settlers,
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ื•ืชืกืคืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื“ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:32
but how could he constitutionally justify it?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช?
02:36
In the end, Jefferson turned to the argument
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ืคื ื” ืœื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ
02:38
used by his old foe Alexander Hamilton.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื• ืžืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:41
He claimed that the power to purchase the territory
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืœ'ืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
02:44
is implied in The Constitution's treaty-making power.
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ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ื•ื— ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”.
02:48
This was the exact argument
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
02:50
that he had mocked openly a decade before,
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ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœืขื’ ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
02:53
so it must have crushed his pride to have to use it.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจื™ืกืง ืืช ื’ืื•ื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
02:57
But more importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:58
he may have committed the biggest big government play ever!
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ ืคืขื!
03:04
How ironic is it
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ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื–ื”
03:05
that one of the biggest opponents of big government
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ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:09
doubled the size of the young country
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ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”
03:11
and did so while openly questioning its constitutionality?
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ื•ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืคืงืคืง ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”?
03:16
At $15 million,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 15 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:18
which is about three cents an acre,
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื ื˜ ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื•ื ื,
03:19
it has been called by many
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื
03:21
the greatest real estate deal
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ืขืกืงืช ื”ื ื“ืœืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:23
in the history of the United States.
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘..
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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