How to spot a counterfeit bill - Tien Nguyen

1,027,114 views ใƒป 2015-04-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
It's estimated that for every 10,000 bills in the U.S.,
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ 10,000 ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:10
one of those bills is fake.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ.
00:13
That may not sound like much,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืจื‘ื”,
00:15
but it adds up to millions of dollars in cold hard cash.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืœืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ.
00:19
Counterfeit money has the potential to cause all sorts of problems,
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ืœื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
00:23
from leaving you short $20 to destabilizing national economies.
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ืžืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช 20$ ืœืขืจืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
00:29
But don't worry.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•.
00:30
You can help catch the counterfeits.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื.
00:32
All you need are some simple tools and a bit of chemistry.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืขื˜ ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
00:36
First up, the anti-counterfeit detection pen.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขื˜ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื.
00:40
The pen looks like a highlighter
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ื”ืขื˜ ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืจืงืจ
00:41
and contains a solution of potassium iodide
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืชืžื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื™ื“
00:45
and elemental iodine.
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ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ื“.
00:47
It reveals of the presence of starch,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ.
00:50
which is commonly used to strengthen regular printer paper,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืจื’ื™ืœ,
00:54
but won't be found in real money.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™.
00:57
That's because authentic bills are made of cotton and linen
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืชื ื” ื•ืคืฉืชืŸ
01:00
and are threaded with tiny red and blue fibers.
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ื•ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:04
That material is made by a single, highly-guarded company
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
01:08
called Crane and Company,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ ืงื•ืžืคื ื™,
01:10
which has been printing currency
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ืฉื”ื“ืคื™ืกื” ื›ืกืฃ
01:12
since Paul Revere asked them to help finance the Revolutionary War.
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ืžืื– ืฉืคื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
01:18
The starch in many counterfeit bills, on the other hand,
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ื”ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
01:21
is made of two molecules:
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช:
01:23
amylopectin and amylose.
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ืขืžื™ืœื•ืคืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืœื•ื–.
01:26
It's amylose that gives the fake away.
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ื–ื” ื”ืขืžื™ืœื•ื– ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
01:28
Its long chain of sugar molecules connected by oxygen atoms
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ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
01:32
forms a helical structure, like DNA.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืกืœื™ืœื™, ื›ืžื• DNA.
01:36
Iodide likes to squeeze inside this coil,
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ื™ื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกืœื™ืœ,
01:38
forming a new compound that leaves a dark mark on the paper.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื›ื”ื” ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
01:43
However, in the absence of starch, there is no chemical reaction
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
01:47
and the mark will look light yellow.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
01:50
So if the fake isn't printed on starchy paper,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืžื™ืœื ื™,
01:53
iodine solutions can't help you.
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ืชืžื™ืกืช ื™ื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•.
01:55
That's one of the reasons U.S. bills printed since 1996
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ืคืกื• ืžืื– 1996
01:59
have been chemically enhanced to include another counterfeit countermeasure:
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ืฉื•ืคืจื• ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ืœืœื• ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขืช ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
02:05
a strip that fluoresces under UV light.
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ืคืก ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
02:08
That's the same kind of light used at black light parties
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
02:11
and airport security lines.
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ื•ืชื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
02:14
The polyester strip printed with invisble ink
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ืคืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืืกื˜ืจ ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขื ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”
02:18
is just one millimeter wide
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:20
and is found in different positions depending on a bill's value.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืฉื˜ืจ.
02:24
If you hold your dollar up to natural light,
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ืื ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžื•ืœ ืื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
02:26
you can see the amount and the word USA printed on the band.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื” USA ืžื•ื“ืคืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืก.
02:30
But under UV light, these strips really shine.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื—ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ, ื”ืคืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
02:34
They contain molecules that can be excited by absorbing certain amounts of energy,
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ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืจื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:39
specifically, that given off by common UV light sources.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื–ื• ืฉื ื™ืชื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
02:43
As these excited molecules return to their original states,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
02:47
they lose a bit of energy as heat and then radiate the rest as light.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื—ื•ื ื•ืื– ืงื•ืจื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ืื•ืจ.
02:52
Energy is inversely related to wavelength,
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ,
02:56
which means that the longer wavelengths have lower energy.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
So the lower energy light given off by the strip
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ืื– ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืคืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ
03:02
means longer wavelengths that fall in the visible range,
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ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”,
03:06
and suddenly we can see that which had been invisible.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื”.
03:10
And if a glowing strip doesn't show up on a recent bill,
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ื•ืื ืคืก ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉื˜ืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
03:13
you have a fake on your hands.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื–ื™ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“.
03:16
For times when you're not dealing with counterfeit masterminds,
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ืœื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืืชื ืœื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืคื ื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื,
03:20
looking for simple visual cues will do.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:23
Make sure the portrait looks lifelike and not flat,
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ื“ืื’ื• ืฉื”ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ื ืจืื” ื—ื™ ื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—,
03:26
the seal has perfectly even sawtooth points,
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ืœื—ื•ืชื ื™ืฉ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:30
the inked border is unbroken,
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ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื• ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ,
03:32
and the serial number has precisely equal spacing between each number.
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ื•ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื•ื•ื— ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช.
03:38
So the next time you come across some dubious dough,
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ืื– ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง,
03:41
have a closer look,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
03:42
pull out your iodine solution,
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ืฉืœืคื• ืืช ืชืžื™ืกืช ื”ื™ื•ื“,
03:44
or take it to a rave
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ืื• ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื™ื™ื‘
03:46
and you just might catch a counterfeit.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชืคืกื• ื–ื™ื•ืฃ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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