The high-stakes race to make quantum computers work - Chiara Decaroli

397,199 views ใƒป 2019-08-13

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
The contents of this metal cylinder could either revolutionize technology
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:11
or be completely uselessโ€”
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช --
00:12
it all depends on whether we can harness the strange physics of matter
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ื”ื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
00:16
at very, very small scales.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจ.
00:18
To have even a chance of doing so,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
00:20
we have to control the environment precisely:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง:
00:23
the thick tabletop and legs guard against vibrations from footsteps,
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื,
00:27
nearby elevators, and opening or closing doors.
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ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืื• ืกื’ื™ืจืช ื“ืœืชื•ืช.
00:30
The cylinder is a vacuum chamber,
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ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื•ืืงื•ื,
00:32
devoid of all the gases in air.
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ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:34
Inside the vacuum chamber is a smaller,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ื•ืืงื•ื,
00:37
extremely cold compartment, reachable by tiny laser beams.
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ื™ืฉ ืชื ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืงืจ ืžืื“, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืจืง ืขื ืงืจื ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
00:40
Inside are ultra-sensitive particles that make up a quantum computer.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™.
00:45
So what makes these particles worth the effort?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ?
00:48
In theory, quantum computers could outstrip the computational limits
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
00:52
of classical computers.
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื.
00:54
Classical computers process data in the form of bits.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงืœืืกื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
00:58
Each bit can switch between two states labeled zero and one.
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืืคืก ื•ืื—ื“.
01:03
A quantum computer uses something called a qubit,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜,
01:06
which can switch between zero, one, and whatโ€™s called a superposition.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืชื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืก, ืื—ื“, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”.
01:11
While the qubit is in its superposition,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
01:13
it has a lot more information than one or zero.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื—ื“ ื•ืืคืก.
01:16
You can think of these positions as points on a sphere:
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคื™ืจื”:
01:20
the north and south poles of the sphere represent one and zero.
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืคืก.
01:24
A bit can only switch between these two poles,
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ื‘ื™ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืชื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:27
but when a qubit is in its superposition,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
01:29
it can be at any point on the sphere.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:31
We canโ€™t locate it exactlyโ€”
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง --
01:33
the moment we read it, the qubit resolves into a zero or a one.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืชืจื’ื ืœืืคืก ืื• ืื—ื“.
01:38
But even though we canโ€™t observe the qubit in its superposition,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”,
01:41
we can manipulate it to perform particular operations while in this state.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
01:46
So as a problem grows more complicated,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
01:49
a classical computer needs correspondingly more bits to solve it,
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
01:53
while a quantum computer will theoretically be able to handle
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
01:57
more and more complicated problems
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ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
01:59
without requiring as many more qubits as a classical computer would need bits.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงืœืืกื™ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
02:04
The unique properties of quantum computers
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ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื
02:07
result from the behavior of atomic and subatomic particles.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
02:10
These particles have quantum states,
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:12
which correspond to the state of the qubit.
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ืฉืชื•ืืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜.
02:15
Quantum states are incredibly fragile,
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:17
easily destroyed by temperature and pressure fluctuations,
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ื•ืžื•ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืœื—ืฅ,
02:21
stray electromagnetic fields,
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ืฉื“ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืขื™ื
02:23
and collisions with nearby particles.
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ื•ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:26
Thatโ€™s why quantum computers need such an elaborate set up.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงืžื” ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
02:29
Itโ€™s also why, for now,
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ื•ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื,
02:31
the power of quantum computers remains largely theoretical.
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ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™.
02:35
So far, we can only control a few qubits in the same place at the same time.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
02:41
There are two key components involved
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื
02:43
in managing these fickle quantum states effectively:
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ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืคื›ืคื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
02:46
the types of particles a quantum computer uses,
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ,
02:49
and how it manipulates those particles.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:52
For now, there are two leading approaches:
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช:
02:55
trapped ions and superconducting qubits.
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื.
02:58
A trapped ion quantum computer uses ions as its particles
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
03:03
and manipulates them with lasers.
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
03:05
The ions are housed in a trap made of electrical fields.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:09
Inputs from the lasers tell the ions what operation to make
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ืงืœื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื–ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข
03:13
by causing the qubit state to rotate on the sphere.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:16
To use a simplified example,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช,
03:18
the lasers could input the question:
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ื”ืœื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉืืœื”:
03:20
what are the prime factors of 15?
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ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 15?
03:23
In response, the ions may release photonsโ€”
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื --
03:26
the state of the qubit determines whether the ion emits photons
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืื ื”ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
03:30
and how many photons it emits.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜.
03:32
An imaging system collects these photons and processes them to reveal the answer:
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืกืคืช ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:
03:37
3 and 5.
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3 ื• 5.
03:39
Superconducting qubit quantum computers do the same thing in a different way:
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื”:
03:43
using a chip with electrical circuits instead of an ion trap.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืค ืขื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
03:47
The states of each electrical circuit translate to the state of the qubit.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื™ืชืจื’ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜.
03:51
They can be manipulated with electrical inputs in the form of microwaves.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•.
03:57
So: the qubits come from either ions or electrical circuits,
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ืื–: ื”ืงื™ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
04:01
acted on by either lasers or microwaves.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•.
04:04
Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.
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ืœื›ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:07
Ions can be manipulated very precisely,
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ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
04:09
and they last a long time,
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ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
04:11
but as more ions are added to a trap,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช,
04:14
it becomes increasingly difficult to control each with precision.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง.
04:17
We canโ€™t currently contain enough ions in a trap to make advanced computations,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
04:22
but one possible solution might be to connect many smaller traps
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืื—ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:27
that communicate with each other via photons
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
04:29
rather than trying to create one big trap.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
04:32
Superconducting circuits, meanwhile, make operations much faster than trapped ions,
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ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื,
04:37
and itโ€™s easier to scale up the number of circuits in a computer
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘
04:41
than the number of ions.
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
04:42
But the circuits are also more fragile,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื™ื,
04:45
and have a shorter overall lifespan.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
04:47
And as quantum computers advance,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
04:50
they will still be subject to the environmental constraints
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
04:52
needed to preserve quantum states.
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™.
04:55
But in spite of all these obstacles,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:57
weโ€™ve already succeeded at making computations
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:59
in a realm we canโ€™t enter or even observe.
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ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ืก ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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