The high-stakes race to make quantum computers work - Chiara Decaroli

400,784 views

2019-08-13 ใƒป TED-Ed


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The high-stakes race to make quantum computers work - Chiara Decaroli

400,784 views ใƒป 2019-08-13

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: WOORI JO ๊ฒ€ํ† : Danny Kim
00:06
The contents of this metal cylinder could either revolutionize technology
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์ด ๊ธˆ์† ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ˜๋ช…์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:11
or be completely uselessโ€”
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์“ธ๋ชจ ์—†์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:12
it all depends on whether we can harness the strange physics of matter
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ธก์ •๊ฐ’์˜
00:16
at very, very small scales.
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
To have even a chance of doing so,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
00:20
we have to control the environment precisely:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ†ต์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
the thick tabletop and legs guard against vibrations from footsteps,
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๋‘๊บผ์šด ์ƒํŒ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ƒ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ,
00:27
nearby elevators, and opening or closing doors.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ, ๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ๋‹ซ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ง„๋™์„ ๋ง‰์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
The cylinder is a vacuum chamber,
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์‹ค๋ฆฐ๋”๋Š” ์ง„๊ณต์ด๋ฉฐ,
00:32
devoid of all the gases in air.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
Inside the vacuum chamber is a smaller,
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์ง„๊ณต์‹ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์€ ๋” ์ž‘์€๋ฐ,
00:37
extremely cold compartment, reachable by tiny laser beams.
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž‘์€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ด‘์„ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ ‘์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Inside are ultra-sensitive particles that make up a quantum computer.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์—๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ฏผ๊ฐ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
So what makes these particles worth the effort?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
00:48
In theory, quantum computers could outstrip the computational limits
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์ด๋ก ์ƒ, ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ƒ์˜
00:52
of classical computers.
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ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
Classical computers process data in the form of bits.
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๊ธฐ์กด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Each bit can switch between two states labeled zero and one.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” 0๊ณผ 1, ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
A quantum computer uses something called a qubit,
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์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ๋น„ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:06
which can switch between zero, one, and whatโ€™s called a superposition.
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์ด๋Š” 0, 1, ํ˜น์€ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€” ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
While the qubit is in its superposition,
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ํ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ƒํƒœ์ผ ๋•Œ,
01:13
it has a lot more information than one or zero.
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0์ด๋‚˜ 1๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
You can think of these positions as points on a sphere:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
the north and south poles of the sphere represent one and zero.
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ๊ทน๊ณผ ๋‚จ๊ทน์€ 1๊ณผ 0์„ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
A bit can only switch between these two poles,
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๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ด ๋‘ ๊ทน์  ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”๋ฐ,
01:27
but when a qubit is in its superposition,
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ํ๋น„ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”,
01:29
it can be at any point on the sphere.
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ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์ฒด์˜ ์–ด๋Š ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋“  ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
We canโ€™t locate it exactlyโ€”
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์žก์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
the moment we read it, the qubit resolves into a zero or a one.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„, ํ๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” 0 ํ˜น์€ 1๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
But even though we canโ€™t observe the qubit in its superposition,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ํ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„์ง€๋ผ๋„,
01:41
we can manipulate it to perform particular operations while in this state.
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์ค‘์ฒฉ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํŠน์ • ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
So as a problem grows more complicated,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก
01:49
a classical computer needs correspondingly more bits to solve it,
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๊ธฐ์กด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
while a quantum computer will theoretically be able to handle
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
01:57
more and more complicated problems
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ๋น„ํŠธ ์—†์ด๋„
01:59
without requiring as many more qubits as a classical computer would need bits.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
The unique properties of quantum computers
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์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์€
02:07
result from the behavior of atomic and subatomic particles.
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์›์ž์™€ ์•„์›์ž ์ž…์ž์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
These particles have quantum states,
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์ด ์ž…์ž๋“ค์€ ์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ์ธ๋ฐ,
02:12
which correspond to the state of the qubit.
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์ด๋Š” ํ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
Quantum states are incredibly fragile,
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์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ๊นจ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์„œ,
02:17
easily destroyed by temperature and pressure fluctuations,
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์˜จ๋„์™€ ์••๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”,
02:21
stray electromagnetic fields,
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๋น—๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ์ „์ž ํŒŒ์žฅ,
02:23
and collisions with nearby particles.
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜ ์ž…์ž์™€์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Thatโ€™s why quantum computers need such an elaborate set up.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ •๊ตํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:29
Itโ€™s also why, for now,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€
02:31
the power of quantum computers remains largely theoretical.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
So far, we can only control a few qubits in the same place at the same time.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ํ๋น„ํŠธ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
There are two key components involved
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๋ณ€๋•์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š”
02:43
in managing these fickle quantum states effectively:
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
the types of particles a quantum computer uses,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์ž์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๊ณ ,
02:49
and how it manipulates those particles.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
For now, there are two leading approaches:
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์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
trapped ions and superconducting qubits.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํฌํš ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ํ๋น„ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
A trapped ion quantum computer uses ions as its particles
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ํฌํš ์ด์˜จ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ด์˜จ์„ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
and manipulates them with lasers.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋กœ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
The ions are housed in a trap made of electrical fields.
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์ด์˜จ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ํŠธ๋žฉ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Inputs from the lasers tell the ions what operation to make
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €์˜ ํˆฌ์ž…์€ ํ๋น„ํŠธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
03:13
by causing the qubit state to rotate on the sphere.
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์ด์˜จ์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
To use a simplified example,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
03:18
the lasers could input the question:
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๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
what are the prime factors of 15?
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15์˜ ์†Œ์ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:23
In response, the ions may release photonsโ€”
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด์˜จ์€ ๊ด‘์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
the state of the qubit determines whether the ion emits photons
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ํ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์ด์˜จ์ด ๊ด‘์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ• ์ง€,
03:30
and how many photons it emits.
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๋˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
An imaging system collects these photons and processes them to reveal the answer:
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์˜์ƒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘์ž๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ต์•ˆ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
3 and 5.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ 3๊ณผ 5์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
Superconducting qubit quantum computers do the same thing in a different way:
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์ดˆ์ „๋„ ํ๋น„ํŠธ ์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
using a chip with electrical circuits instead of an ion trap.
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ํŠธ๋žฉ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์นฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
The states of each electrical circuit translate to the state of the qubit.
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๊ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ํ๋น„ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
They can be manipulated with electrical inputs in the form of microwaves.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ž…๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
So: the qubits come from either ions or electrical circuits,
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ํ๋น„ํŠธ๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด
04:01
acted on by either lasers or microwaves.
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์ด์˜จ์—์„œ๋„, ์ „๊ธฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:04
Each approach has advantages and disadvantages.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Ions can be manipulated very precisely,
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์ด์˜จ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:09
and they last a long time,
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€์†๋˜์ง€๋งŒ,
04:11
but as more ions are added to a trap,
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ํŠธ๋žฉ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ด์˜จ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋ฉด
04:14
it becomes increasingly difficult to control each with precision.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
We canโ€™t currently contain enough ions in a trap to make advanced computations,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์ด๋„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ด์˜จ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
but one possible solution might be to connect many smaller traps
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ๋” ์ž‘์€ ํŠธ๋žฉ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
that communicate with each other via photons
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์ด ํŠธ๋žฉ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘์ž๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
rather than trying to create one big trap.
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ํฐ ํŠธ๋žฉ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ ํƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:32
Superconducting circuits, meanwhile, make operations much faster than trapped ions,
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ํ•œํŽธ ์ดˆ์ „๋„ ์ „๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด์˜จ ํŠธ๋žฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ•ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
and itโ€™s easier to scale up the number of circuits in a computer
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์˜จ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
04:41
than the number of ions.
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๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
But the circuits are also more fragile,
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์•ฝํ•ด์„œ
04:45
and have a shorter overall lifespan.
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด ์งง์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
And as quantum computers advance,
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์–‘์ž ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
04:50
they will still be subject to the environmental constraints
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์–‘์ž ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:52
needed to preserve quantum states.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์ œ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
But in spite of all these obstacles,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:57
weโ€™ve already succeeded at making computations
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋„, ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ
04:59
in a realm we canโ€™t enter or even observe.
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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