How to know if you're being selfish (and whether or not that's bad) - Mark Hopwood

553,401 views ใƒป 2024-01-23

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In the kitchen at a friend's party,
0
7295
2377
ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ,
00:09
you're in the midst of a profound moral conundrum.
1
9672
4088
ืืชื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
00:14
Famous philosophers whisper advice in your ear.
2
14343
3587
ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฉื™ื ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ.
00:18
Utilitarian John Stuart Mill tells you that one should always strive
3
18222
5339
ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“
00:23
to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
4
23561
4838
ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:28
Aristotle reminds you of the importance of the virtues of generosity and justice.
5
28483
6506
ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื“ืง.
00:35
But Thomas Hobbes points out that
6
35323
3044
ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™
00:38
"of all voluntary acts, the object is to every man his own good."
7
38367
6173
"ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช".
00:45
In other words, human beings are inherently selfish anyway.
8
45166
5130
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
00:50
So why shouldn't you take the last cupcake for yourself?
9
50922
4212
ืื– ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืงื—ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ?
00:55
This is actually one of philosophy's oldest questions.
10
55510
3878
ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
00:59
Not your cupcake dilemmaโ€”
11
59639
2210
ืœื ื“ื™ืœืžืช ื”ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืง ืฉืœื›ื -
01:01
the question of whether or not human beings are inherently selfish.
12
61849
3921
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื ืื• ืœื.
01:06
The idea that humans only act out of self-interest
13
66187
4004
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืขืฆืžื™
01:10
is known as psychological egoism,
14
70191
2961
ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ืื’ื•ืื™ื–ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:13
and there aren't many philosophers who endorse this extreme stance.
15
73361
4421
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
01:18
There's simply too much evidence of humans sacrificing their self-interest,
16
78032
4671
ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:22
and sometimes their very lives, for the sake of others.
17
82703
3838
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:26
And studies by psychologists have shown that even very young children
18
86999
4630
ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“
01:31
demonstrate helpful behavior despite there being nothing in it for themselves.
19
91629
5172
ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื.
01:37
However, the idea that all humans have a deep selfish streak
20
97301
4839
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืจืฆืฃ ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืง
01:42
is something many more philosophers would agree with.
21
102140
3086
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื•.
01:46
German philosopher Immanuel Kant noted that while we often seem to act
22
106018
5381
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
01:51
for the sake of others,
23
111399
1626
ืœืžืขืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:53
it's impossible to be sure we're not truly motivated
24
113025
3754
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื ืขื™ื
01:56
by "a secret impulse of self-love."
25
116779
3212
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ "ื“ื—ืฃ ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช".
02:00
For example, maybe when people make large donations to charity,
26
120575
4504
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืงื”,
02:05
they're actually more interested in looking good
27
125163
2752
ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘
02:07
or benefiting from tax breaks than helping others.
28
127915
3921
ืื• ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืงืœื•ืช ืžืก ืžืืฉืจ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:12
It's worth noting that not all philosophers think self-love
29
132170
4295
ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
02:16
is always a bad thing.
30
136465
1836
ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
02:18
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau identified two kinds of self-love.
31
138843
5714
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื–'ืืŸ ื–'ืืง ืจื•ืกื• ื–ื™ื”ื” ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
02:24
He believed "Amour de soi," our basic need for self-preservation,
32
144932
5089
ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉโ€œืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€œ, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™,
02:30
is natural and essential.
33
150021
2127
ื”ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:32
But he identified "amour propre,"
34
152899
2794
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”โ€œื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืชโ€œ,
02:35
our toxic desire for recognition and social status,
35
155693
4213
ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
02:39
as the cause of many unjust disparities.
36
159906
3503
ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคืขืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
02:44
In a similar vein, Aristotle argued that humans are social beings
37
164327
4963
ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
02:49
who can only flourish when we seek the good of others as well as ourselves.
38
169290
4838
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื— ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
02:54
By this logic, true self-love requires us to work against our selfish tendencies.
39
174462
6381
ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:01
For many philosophers, this is where the real problem liesโ€”
40
181552
4254
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช -
03:05
how do we overcome our selfishness?
41
185890
3211
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
03:09
Some, like Kant, have argued that our sense of moral duty
42
189685
4421
ื—ืœืงื, ื›ืžื• ืงืื ื˜, ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:14
is what helps us rise above our narrow self-interest.
43
194106
3712
ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:18
Others, like Rousseau and Adam Smith,
44
198444
3003
ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช,
03:21
contend that emotions like pity and sympathy
45
201447
3754
ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืื”ื“ื”
03:25
are what allow us to consider the needs of others.
46
205201
3295
ื”ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:28
But 20th century philosopher-novelist Iris Murdoch
47
208996
3796
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช-ืกื•ืคืจืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืื™ืจื™ืก ืžืจื“ื•ืง
03:32
believed the only true solution to human selfishness was love.
48
212792
4546
ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”.
03:38
Or at least, a certain kind of love.
49
218005
3254
ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”.
03:42
For Murdoch, selfishness isn't about trivial things
50
222051
3879
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื“ื•ืง ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™ื™ื
03:45
like taking the last cupcake.
51
225930
2127
ื›ืžื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
03:48
It's about seeing the world in a way that casts yourself as a star,
52
228391
4921
ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื›ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
03:53
and everyone else as secondary characters.
53
233312
2878
ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
03:56
To explain this, Murdoch tells the story of a discontented mother-in-law.
54
236649
5380
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช, ืžืจื“ื•ืง ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื”.
04:02
While the mother is always polite,
55
242697
2210
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื ื•ืžืกืช,
04:04
she secretly feels her son made a mistake marrying his "vulgar"
56
244907
4588
ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ืฉื‘ื ื” ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืืฉืชื• โ€œื”ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืชโ€
04:09
and "tiresomely juvenile" wife.
57
249495
2669
ื•ื”โ€œืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื’ืขโ€œ.
04:12
To Murdoch, this mother is the picture of selfishness.
58
252999
4254
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื“ื•ืง, ื”ืื ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช.
04:17
By centering her own jealousy and insecurity,
59
257586
3671
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
04:21
she's reducing the nuanced reality of her daughter-in-law to a caricature.
60
261257
5338
ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœืชื” ืœืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
04:27
But with some conscious effort,
61
267013
2127
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื,
04:29
Murdoch believes the mother can learn to see her daughter in law as she truly isโ€”
62
269140
5130
ืžืจื“ื•ืง ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœืชื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช -
04:34
not vulgar or juvenile,
63
274562
2669
ืœื ื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ืช ืื• ืฆืขื™ืจื”,
04:37
but refreshingly straightforward and delightfully youthful.
64
277231
4254
ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžืจืขื ื ืช ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
04:42
To be clear, this doesn't mean
65
282069
2211
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
04:44
the mother should simply don rose-colored glasses.
66
284280
3503
ืฉื”ืื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืจื•ื“.
04:48
Love, as Murdoch defines it, is "the extremely difficult realization
67
288200
6006
ืื”ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืจื“ื•ืง, ื”ื™ื โ€œื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:54
that something other than oneself is real."
68
294457
3712
ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžืš ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™โ€œ.
04:58
As challenging as this might be,
69
298836
2461
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจ,
05:01
Murdoch believes we can all reach this realization
70
301297
3837
ืžืจื“ื•ืง ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื–ื”
05:05
by cultivating what she calls attention.
71
305217
3546
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
05:09
Partially inspired by Buddhist meditation,
72
309805
2836
ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืžืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
05:12
this practice could include engaging with art, learning foreign languages,
73
312641
5005
ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช
05:17
or simply taking the time to observe the natural environment.
74
317646
4380
ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
05:22
What's important for Murdoch is that the behavior
75
322526
3462
ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื“ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
05:25
helps direct your attention beyond the self.
76
325988
4380
ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™.
05:30
Because only by practicing our ability to attend to the world around us
77
330618
5005
ื›ื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•
05:35
can we learn to see it as it truly is.
78
335706
3295
ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7