How to know if you're being selfish (and whether or not that's bad) - Mark Hopwood

553,401 views ・ 2024-01-23

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jienna Im κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
In the kitchen at a friend's party,
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친ꡬ의 νŒŒν‹°μ— κ°„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λΆ€μ—Œμ—μ„œ
00:09
you're in the midst of a profound moral conundrum.
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μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ 도덕적 λ‚œμ œμ— λΉ μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Famous philosophers whisper advice in your ear.
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유λͺ…ν•œ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ 귓가에 쑰언을 μ†μ‚­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Utilitarian John Stuart Mill tells you that one should always strive
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곡리주의자인 μ‘΄ μŠ€νŠœμ–΄νŠΈ 밀은 항상 좔ꡬ해야 ν•  것은
00:23
to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
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μ΅œλŒ€ λ‹€μˆ˜μ˜ μ΅œλŒ€ 행볡이라고 λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
Aristotle reminds you of the importance of the virtues of generosity and justice.
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μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€λŠ” κ΄€μš©κ³Ό μ •μ˜μ˜ 미덕이 μ€‘μš”ν•¨μ„ μΌκΉ¨μ›Œμ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
But Thomas Hobbes points out that
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν† λ¨ΈμŠ€ ν™‰μŠ€κ°€ μ§€μ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
00:38
"of all voluntary acts, the object is to every man his own good."
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λͺ¨λ“  자발적 행동은 μžμ‹ μ˜ 이읡을 μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
In other words, human beings are inherently selfish anyway.
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즉, 인간은 μ›λž˜λΆ€ν„° μ΄κΈ°μ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
So why shouldn't you take the last cupcake for yourself?
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ™œ ν•˜λ‚˜ 남은 컡케이크λ₯Ό 먹으면 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:55
This is actually one of philosophy's oldest questions.
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사싀 μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ κ³ λ―Όν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
Not your cupcake dilemmaβ€”
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컡케이크 λ”œλ ˆλ§ˆ 말고
01:01
the question of whether or not human beings are inherently selfish.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 본성은 이기적인지에 κ΄€ν•œ 질문 말이죠.
01:06
The idea that humans only act out of self-interest
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인간은 이기적인 ν–‰λ™λ§Œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 이둠을
01:10
is known as psychological egoism,
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심리적 이기주의라고 ν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:13
and there aren't many philosophers who endorse this extreme stance.
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이런 극단적인 μ£Όμž₯을 ν•˜λŠ” μ² ν•™μžλŠ” λ§Žμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
There's simply too much evidence of humans sacrificing their self-interest,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬κΈ°μ—” 인간이 타인을 μœ„ν•΄ μžμ‹ μ˜ 이읡을 ν¬μƒν•˜κ³ ,
01:22
and sometimes their very lives, for the sake of others.
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μ–΄μ©” 땐 λͺ©μˆ¨κΉŒμ§€λ„ ν¬μƒν•œλ‹€λŠ” 증거가 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:26
And studies by psychologists have shown that even very young children
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μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ¦° 아이듀도
01:31
demonstrate helpful behavior despite there being nothing in it for themselves.
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μžμ‹ μ΄ μ–»λŠ” 이읡이 없더라도 남을 λ•λŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
However, the idea that all humans have a deep selfish streak
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λͺ¨λ“  μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ 이기적인 λ©΄λͺ¨κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ£Όμž₯μ—λŠ”
01:42
is something many more philosophers would agree with.
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λ§Žμ€ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ™μ˜ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
German philosopher Immanuel Kant noted that while we often seem to act
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독일 μ² ν•™μžμΈ μž„λ§ˆλˆ„μ—˜ μΉΈνŠΈλŠ”
μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄νƒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 보여도
01:51
for the sake of others,
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01:53
it's impossible to be sure we're not truly motivated
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μˆ¨μ€ 이기적인 동기가 μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ μ—†λ‹€κ³ λŠ”
01:56
by "a secret impulse of self-love."
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ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
For example, maybe when people make large donations to charity,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μžμ„  단체에 ν°λˆμ„ κΈ°λΆ€ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
02:05
they're actually more interested in looking good
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더 관심이 μžˆμ„ 수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 타인을 λ•λŠ” κ²ƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
02:07
or benefiting from tax breaks than helping others.
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쒋은 μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ μ„ΈκΈˆ 감면 ν˜œνƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
It's worth noting that not all philosophers think self-love
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μ£Όλͺ©ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλŠ” 것은
λͺ¨λ“  μ² ν•™μžκ°€ μžκΈ°μ• λŠ” 항상 λ‚˜μ˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€λŠ” μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
is always a bad thing.
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02:18
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau identified two kinds of self-love.
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€ μ² ν•™μž μž₯ 자크 λ£¨μ†ŒλŠ”
μžκΈ°μ• λŠ” 두 가지 μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
He believed "Amour de soi," our basic need for self-preservation,
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λ£¨μ†ŒλŠ” 자기 보쑴을 μœ„ν•œ 기본적 μš•κ΅¬μΈ β€˜μ•„λ¬΄λ₯΄ λ“œ μˆ˜μ•„β€™λŠ”
02:30
is natural and essential.
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μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ³  ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
But he identified "amour propre,"
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ β€˜μ•„λ¬΄λ₯΄ ν”„λ‘œν”„λ₯΄β€™λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯Έ
02:35
our toxic desire for recognition and social status,
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인정과 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ§€μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ μš•λ§μ€
02:39
as the cause of many unjust disparities.
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λΆ€λ‹Ήν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  격차의 μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ 지λͺ©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
In a similar vein, Aristotle argued that humans are social beings
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ μ•„λ¦¬μŠ€ν† ν…”λ ˆμŠ€λŠ”
인간은 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ‘΄μž¬λ‘œμ„œ
02:49
who can only flourish when we seek the good of others as well as ourselves.
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μžμ‹ κ³Ό νƒ€μΈμ˜ 이읡을 ν•¨κ»˜ μΆ”κ΅¬ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ λ²ˆμ˜ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
By this logic, true self-love requires us to work against our selfish tendencies.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 논리에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄
μ§„μ •ν•œ μžκΈ°μ• λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 이기적인 본성을 κ±°μŠ¬λŸ¬μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
For many philosophers, this is where the real problem liesβ€”
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λ§Žμ€ μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 이것이 본질적인 문제라고 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
how do we overcome our selfishness?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이기심을 극볡할 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
03:09
Some, like Kant, have argued that our sense of moral duty
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μΉΈνŠΈμ™€ 같은 μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 도덕적 의무감이
03:14
is what helps us rise above our narrow self-interest.
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νŽΈν˜‘ν•œ 이기심을 λ„˜μ–΄μ„€ 수 있게 ν•΄μ€€λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Others, like Rousseau and Adam Smith,
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λ£¨μ†Œλ‚˜ 애덀 슀미슀 같은 μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€
03:21
contend that emotions like pity and sympathy
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μ—°λ―Όμ΄λ‚˜ 동정심 같은 감정이
03:25
are what allow us to consider the needs of others.
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νƒ€μΈμ˜ ν•„μš”λ₯Ό κ³ λ €ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ€€λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
But 20th century philosopher-novelist Iris Murdoch
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 20μ„ΈκΈ°μ˜ μ² ν•™μžμ΄μž μ†Œμ„€κ°€μΈ μ•„μ΄λ¦¬μŠ€ 머독은
03:32
believed the only true solution to human selfishness was love.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 이기심에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ μΌν•œ 해결책은 μ‚¬λž‘μ΄λΌκ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Or at least, a certain kind of love.
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적어도 μ‚¬λž‘μ˜ ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜λΌκ³  ν•  수 있겠죠.
03:42
For Murdoch, selfishness isn't about trivial things
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λ¨Έλ…μ—κ²Œ μ΄κΈ°μ£Όμ˜λŠ”
λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 컡케이크λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ” 것과 같은 μ‚¬μ†Œν•œ μš•μ‹¬μ΄ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
like taking the last cupcake.
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03:48
It's about seeing the world in a way that casts yourself as a star,
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μ΄κΈ°μ£Όμ˜λŠ” 자기 μžμ‹ μ΄ μ„Έμƒμ˜ 주인곡이고
03:53
and everyone else as secondary characters.
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타인은 λͺ¨λ‘ 쑰연이라고 μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
To explain this, Murdoch tells the story of a discontented mother-in-law.
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머독은 뢈만이 λ§Žμ€ μ–΄λ–€ μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆμ˜ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œ 이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:02
While the mother is always polite,
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이 μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” 항상 예의λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ”μ§€λ§Œ
04:04
she secretly feels her son made a mistake marrying his "vulgar"
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μ†μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것은 μƒμŠ€λŸ½κ³  μ§œμ¦λ‚˜λ„λ‘ μœ μΉ˜ν•œ 아내와
04:09
and "tiresomely juvenile" wife.
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아듀이 κ²°ν˜Όν•œ 건 μ‹€μˆ˜λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
To Murdoch, this mother is the picture of selfishness.
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λ¨Έλ…μ—κ²Œ 이 μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” 이기주의의 μƒμ§•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
By centering her own jealousy and insecurity,
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μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆλŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ μ§ˆνˆ¬μ™€ λΆˆμ•ˆμ— νœ©μ‹Έμ—¬
04:21
she's reducing the nuanced reality of her daughter-in-law to a caricature.
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μ™œκ³‘λœ μ‹œμ„ μœΌλ‘œ 며느리λ₯Ό λ°”λΌλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
But with some conscious effort,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 머독은 μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ μ˜μ‹μ μΈ λ…Έλ ₯을 기울이면
04:29
Murdoch believes the mother can learn to see her daughter in law as she truly isβ€”
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며느리λ₯Ό μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ 거라 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
not vulgar or juvenile,
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μƒμŠ€λŸ½κ³  μœ μΉ˜ν•œ 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:37
but refreshingly straightforward and delightfully youthful.
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성격이 μ‹œμ›μ‹œμ›ν•˜κ³  생기가 λ„˜μΉ˜λŠ” λͺ¨μŠ΅μœΌλ‘œμš”.
04:42
To be clear, this doesn't mean
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λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ±΄λŒ€
04:44
the mother should simply don rose-colored glasses.
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μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆκ°€ 무쑰건 긍정적이어야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
Love, as Murdoch defines it, is "the extremely difficult realization
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머독이 μ •μ˜ν•œ μ‚¬λž‘μ€
β€™μžμ‹  이외에 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것도 μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”
04:54
that something other than oneself is real."
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사싀을 κΉ¨λ‹«λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό μ–΄λ €μš΄ μΌβ€™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
As challenging as this might be,
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μ–΄λ €μšΈ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
05:01
Murdoch believes we can all reach this realization
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β€˜μ£Όμ‹œβ€™ν•˜λŠ” νƒœλ„λ₯Ό κΈ°λ₯Έλ‹€λ©΄
05:05
by cultivating what she calls attention.
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λˆ„κ΅¬λ‚˜ 이 κΉ¨λ‹¬μŒμ— 도달할 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  머독은 λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
Partially inspired by Buddhist meditation,
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뢈ꡐ λͺ…μƒμ—μ„œ 영ν–₯을 받기도 ν•œ 이 μˆ˜ν–‰λ²•μ—λŠ”
05:12
this practice could include engaging with art, learning foreign languages,
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예술 ν™œλ™μ„ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄λ₯Ό λ°°μš°κ±°λ‚˜
05:17
or simply taking the time to observe the natural environment.
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κ·Έμ € μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ‚΄μ–΄ μžμ—°μ„ κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” 것 등이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:22
What's important for Murdoch is that the behavior
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머독이 λ§ν•˜κΈ°μ— 이런 행동이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ΄μœ λŠ”
05:25
helps direct your attention beyond the self.
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μƒκ°μ˜ 쀑심을 μžμ•„μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
Because only by practicing our ability to attend to the world around us
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μ™œλƒλ©΄ 주변에 관심을 κΈ°μšΈμ΄λŠ” μ—°μŠ΅μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ
05:35
can we learn to see it as it truly is.
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세상을 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 바라볼 수 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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