How did Polynesian wayfinders navigate the Pacific Ocean? - Alan Tamayose and Shantell De Silva

1,829,441 views

2017-10-17 ใƒป TED-Ed


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How did Polynesian wayfinders navigate the Pacific Ocean? - Alan Tamayose and Shantell De Silva

1,829,441 views ใƒป 2017-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:06
Imagine setting sail from Hawaii in a canoe.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžืคืœื™ื’ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืงืื ื•.
00:10
Your target is a small island thousands of kilometers away
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
00:13
in the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
00:16
That's a body of water that covers more than 160 million square kilometers,
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื ืฉืžื›ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 160 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
00:21
greater than all the landmasses on Earth combined.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:26
For thousands of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:27
Polynesian navigators managed voyages like this
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ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ืคืœื’ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื”
00:30
without the help of modern navigational aids.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
00:34
Ancient Polynesians used the Sun,
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
00:36
Moon,
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ื‘ื™ืจื—,
00:37
stars,
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00:37
planets,
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ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
00:38
ocean currents,
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ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:39
and clouds as guides that allowed them to see the ocean as a series of pathways
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ื•ื‘ืขื ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืกื“ืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื
00:45
rather than an obstacle.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ.
00:48
Their voyages began around 1500 B.C.
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ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1500 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
00:52
when the people who would settle Polynesia first set sail from Southeast Asia.
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ื›ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืœื™ื’ื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
00:57
Early Polynesians eventually settled a vast area of islands
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื
01:01
spread over 40 million square kilometers of the Pacific Ocean.
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ืฉืคืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 40 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
01:06
Some historians believe the voyagers moved from place to place
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืขื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื
01:10
to avoid overpopulation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื™ืชืจ.
01:11
Others, that they were driven by war.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื•, ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
01:14
Voyages became less frequent by around 1300 A.D.
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ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1300 ืœืกืคื™ืจื”
01:18
as Polynesian societies became more rooted in specific locations.
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ืขื• ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
01:24
During the voyaging period,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช,
01:25
successful journeys depended on a number of factors:
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ืžืกืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื:
01:29
well-built canoes,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืื ื•,
01:30
the skill of navigators,
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ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:32
and weather being some of the biggest.
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ื•ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
01:35
Voyages relied on sturdy wa'a kaulua, or double-hulled canoes,
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ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื” ืงืื•ืœื•ืื” ื”ืื™ืชืŸ, ืื• ื”ืงืื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื,
01:39
which were powered by sails and steered with a single large oar.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
01:44
Canoe building involved the whole community,
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืื ื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืดื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”,
01:47
bringing together the navigators,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืฆื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:48
canoe builders,
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ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืื ื•,
01:49
priests,
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ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื,
01:50
chanters,
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ื”ืžื–ืžืจื™ื,
01:51
and hula dancers.
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ื•ืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื”.
01:53
Navigators were keen observers of the natural world.
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ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
01:57
They were abundantly familiar with trade wind-generated ocean swells,
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ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืžืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื—ืจ,
02:01
which typically flow northeast or southeast.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ืจืžื• ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืœื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื—.
02:05
By day, navigators could identify direction
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ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื
02:07
by the rocking motion of their canoes caused by these swells.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืื ื• ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืœื•.
02:11
But sunrise and sunset were even more useful.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:15
The Sun's position indicated east and west
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ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘
02:18
and created low light on the ocean that made it possible to see swells directly.
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ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื—ืœืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื.
02:24
At night, navigators used something called a star compass,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืฆืคืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
02:28
which wasn't a physical object, but rather a sort of mental map.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื ืคื™ื–ื™, ืืœื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืคื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
02:33
They memorized the rising and setting points of stars and constellations
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื ื• ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
02:37
at different times of the year.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:40
They used those to divide the sky into four quadrants,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื,
02:43
subdivided into 32 houses,
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื• ื‘ืชืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœ 32 ื‘ืชื™ื,
02:46
with the canoe in the middle.
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ื›ืฉื”ืงืื ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
02:48
So, for example, when they saw the star Piraโ€˜atea rising from the ocean,
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ืื–, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืคื™ืจืืื˜ืื” ื–ื•ืจื— ืžืงื• ื”ืื•ืคืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
02:53
they knew that to be northeast.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื–ื” ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—.
02:55
They had some other tricks, too.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื’ื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื.
02:57
The Earth's axis points towards Hokupa'a, or the North Star,
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ืฆื™ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืงื•ืคืื”, ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
03:02
so called because it's the one fixed point in the sky as the Earth rotates
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื›ืš ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
03:07
and always indicates north.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
03:09
However, it's not visible south of the Equator,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืชื• ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
03:12
so navigators there could use a constellation called Newe,
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ืื– ื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ื•ื•ื”,
03:15
or the Southern Cross,
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ืื• ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
03:17
and some mental tricks to estimate where south is.
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื ืžืฆื.
03:21
For instance, draw a line through these two stars,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืงื• ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:24
extend it 4.5 times,
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ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืคื™ 4.5,
03:26
and draw another line from there to the horizon.
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืงื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืฉื ืœืื•ืคืง.
03:29
That's south.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื.
03:31
But the sky also contains navigational aids much closer to Earth,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:36
the clouds.
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ื”ืขื ื ื™ื.
03:38
Besides being useful weather cues,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:40
under the right conditions, they can indicate landmasses.
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ืชื—ืช ืชื ืื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
03:43
For instance, the lagoons of Pacific atolls
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜
03:47
can actually be seen reflected on the underside of clouds,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื ื™ื,
03:51
if you know what to look for.
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ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฉ.
03:53
And high masses of clouds can indicate mountainous islands.
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ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ื™ื.
03:58
Once navigators neared their destination, other clues,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื, ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:01
such as the flight patterns of birds,
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ื›ืžื• ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
04:04
floating debris or vegetation,
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ืฉืคื•ื›ืช ืื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ืฆืคื”,
04:06
and types of fish in the area helped determine the proximity of land.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืงืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”.
04:11
For example, the Manu-O-Ku had a known flight range of 190 kilometers,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœืžืื ื•-ืื•-ืงื• ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ 190 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
04:16
and could be followed back to shore.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืฃ.
04:19
So how do we know all of this?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
04:22
Partially through evidence in petroglyphs,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ื’ืœื™ืคื™ื,
04:24
written observations of European explorers,
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ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื,
04:27
and Polynesian oral traditions.
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ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.
04:30
But also by trying them out for ourselves.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™.
04:33
In 2017, a voyaging canoe called Hokulea
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ื‘ 2017, ืงืื ื• ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื•ืงื•ืœืื”
04:37
completed a worldwide voyage using only these techniques.
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ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืžืกืข ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:42
If that seems remarkable, remember the ancient Polynesians,
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื,
04:46
who through close study and kinship with nature,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
04:48
were able to forge these paths across
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš
04:51
an unfathomably vast, vibrant living ocean.
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื—ื™, ืฉื•ืงืง ื•ืขืฆื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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