How to prevent political corruption - Stephanie Honchell Smith

537,407 views ใƒป 2024-04-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
On October 23, 2015, Mcebisi Jonas, South Africaโ€™s deputy finance minister,
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ื‘- 23 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2015 ืขืžื“ ืžืงื‘ื™ืกื™ ื’'ื•ื ืืก, ืกื’ืŸ ืฉืจ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:13
faced a harrowing, yet enticing, decision.
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื” ืืš ืžืคืชื”.
00:16
He had thought he was attending a normal business meeting
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”
00:19
but ended up in the home of the powerful Gupta family,
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ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื”,
00:22
sitting with the Gupta brothers and the president, Jacob Zumaโ€™s, son.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ ื–ื•ืžื”.
00:27
Jonas was offered a promotion and $45 million.
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ืœื’โ€™ื•ื ืืก ื”ื•ืฆืข ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื• -45 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
00:31
In return, he would be expected to use his position
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื•
00:35
to advance the Guptaโ€™s many business interests.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื”.
00:38
This included firing officials who opposed the construction
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ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช
00:41
of new power plants,
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
00:43
which were slated to run on fuel from Gupta-owned mines.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืœืง ืžืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื˜ื”.
00:47
The deal was simpleโ€” but would Jonas accept?
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ื”ืขืกืงื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” -ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื’โ€™ื•ื ืืก ื™ืกื›ื™ื?
00:51
This kind of corruption in politics is nothing new.
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
00:54
It plagued the ancient worldโ€”
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ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง-
00:57
the โ€œArthasastra,โ€ an Indian political treatise
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โ€œืืจื˜ืืกืกื˜ืจื”โ€œ, ืžืกื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
01:00
that dates back to the 3rd century BCE,
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ืžื”ืžืื” ื” -3 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
01:03
lists 40 types of embezzlement alone.
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ืžืคืจื˜ืช 40 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:06
So, what exactly is corruption, and what can we do to combat it?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื”?
01:11
Corruption is often defined as a misuse of a position of power for personal gain.
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ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืขื” ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื›ื•ื— ืœืจื•ื•ื— ืื™ืฉื™.
01:17
For example, this could be a city clerk accepting bribes
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืงื™ื“ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื—ื“
01:20
in exchange for issuing permits;
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ืคืงืช ื”ื™ืชืจื™ื;
01:23
or a mayor appointing a campaign donor to an influential position.
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ืื• ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื” ืชื•ืจื ืœืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
01:28
But corruption isnโ€™t limited to the political sphere;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™;
01:31
it can happen in schools, sports, businesses, or religious institutions.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜, ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื™ื.
01:36
In ancient Greece, the power-hungry Alcmaeonid family
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ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืืœืงืžืืื•ื ื™ื“ื™ื ืชืื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—
01:40
notoriously bribed the priestesses at Delphi to deliver false prophecies,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ืฉื™ื—ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืคื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื,
01:46
like telling the Spartans they should invade Athens.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืืชื•ื ื”.
01:50
It may seem like all corruption is driven by greed,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช,
01:53
but individual motives are often complex.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:56
There can be economic drivers,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื,
01:58
like family pressure on an underpaid civil servant
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ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืจ ื ืžื•ืš
02:02
who exaggerates his expenses to get more money back.
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ืฉืžื’ื–ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
02:06
This might not seem like a big problem, but corruption can snowball.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’.
02:10
If anti-corruption laws arenโ€™t enforced,
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ืื ืœื ื ืื›ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
02:13
or if loopholes are continuously exploited,
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ืื• ืื ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช,
02:16
a larger culture of corruption can emerge.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
02:19
For example, in 2009, numerous British MPs were exposed
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ืช 2009 ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
02:24
for using taxpayer money to cover personal expenses,
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
02:28
from home renovations to luxury purchases, and even having a moat cleaned.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื—ืคื™ืจ.
02:33
And corruption isn't always directly about money.
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ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืกืฃ.
02:37
In 2016, a Department of Justice investigation found widespread patterns
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื
02:42
of unconstitutional policing, abuse, and corruption
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ืงืชื™, ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
02:46
within the Baltimore Police Department.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื˜ืจืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ.
02:48
In just one elite task force, eight officers were convicted of crimes,
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ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืจืฉืขื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ื,
02:54
including planting evidence and robbing citizens during traffic stops.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.
02:59
Corruption like this causes people to lose faith in government
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ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”
03:02
and can deplete much needed resources.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
03:05
The more taxpayer money that goes into peopleโ€™s pockets,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืœื ื”ืžืกื™ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื›ื™ืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:08
the less there is to spend on services that benefit the communityโ€”
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ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” -
03:12
like repairing roads, building schools, or providing healthcare.
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ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืื• ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
03:17
In the case of South Africa,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
03:19
the Gupta family plundered billions of dollars from the countryโ€™s funds
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ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ื‘ื–ื–ื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžื›ืกืคื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
03:23
through their wide-ranging corruption schemes,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
03:26
devastating the nation's economy.
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ื•ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
03:28
In Baltimore, the police department cost taxpayers more than $22 million
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืขืœืชื” ืœืžืฉืœืžื™ ื”ืžืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -22 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:34
in court settlements and gravely eroded public trust.
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ื‘ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฉื—ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืช ืืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:38
So, how can we prevent corruption?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช?
03:40
While itโ€™s important that laws set a high price for corrupt behavior,
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ืืžื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื—ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช,
03:44
punishment is only one piece of the puzzle.
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ืขื•ื ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืื–ืœ.
03:47
Transparency in terms of budget and paper trails
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ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื
03:51
and support for freedom of the press are hugely important.
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ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:55
In Botswana, the government has built public trust
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ื‘ื‘ื•ื˜ืกื•ืื ื”, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
03:58
through their ongoing commitment to respond to corruption
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
04:01
openly, quickly, and decisively.
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ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:04
In Denmark, government ministers must publish monthly reports
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ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง, ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื
04:08
cataloging their spending on entertainment,
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ื”ืžืงื˜ืœื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ,
04:10
official travel, and any gifts theyโ€™ve received.
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ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื•.
04:14
As citizens, we can vote out those who engage in corruption
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ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
04:18
and question officials who push back against transparency measures.
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ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื ื’ื“ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช.
04:22
And we can stand up against corruption when we see it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:25
In South Africa, Jonas refused the Guptasโ€™ offer,
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ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ื’โ€™ื•ื ืืก ืœื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื˜ื”,
04:29
and despite threats against his life, spoke out,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ,
04:32
exposing a sprawling web of corruption that toppled Zumaโ€™s regime,
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ื•ื—ืฉืฃ ืจืฉืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ืจื• ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืžื”
04:37
and sent the Gupta family into exile.
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ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื•ืคื˜ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
04:40
But it wasnโ€™t just Jonasโ€™ revelation that mattered.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’โ€™ื•ื ืืก ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ .
04:43
Once the scale of corruption was unearthed,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
04:46
everyday South Africans took to the streets,
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ื™ืฆืื• ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
04:49
insisting that โ€œZuma must fall.โ€
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ื•ื”ืชืขืงืฉื• ื›ื™ โ€œื–ื•ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื™ืคื•ืœโ€œ.
04:52
By using our civic voices,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:54
we can fight back to ensure that tax dollars donโ€™t line pockets,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื“ืžื™ ื”ืžืก ืœื ื™ืจืคื“ื• ื›ื™ืกื™ื,
04:58
but instead benefit everyone.
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื• ืœื›ื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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