The wild world of carnivorous plants - Kenny Coogan

2,247,208 views ใƒป 2019-04-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:08
Little do they know it,
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช,
00:09
but these six creatures are each about to experience a very unusual death.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืฉืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:15
One-by-one,
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“,
00:16
they will fall prey to the remarkable, predatory antics of...
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ื”ื ื™ืคืœื• ื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ...
00:20
a carnivorous plant.
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
00:22
Around the world there are more than 600 plant species
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 600 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
00:26
that supplement a regular diet of sunlight, water, and soil
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ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžืฉ, ืžื™ื ื•ืื“ืžื”,
00:30
with insects, microbes, or even frogs and rats.
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ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื ื•ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
00:35
Scientists believe that carnivory in plants evolved separately
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื ืคืจื“
00:40
at least six times on our planet,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:42
suggesting that this flesh-munching adaptation
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืื•ื›ืœืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื•
00:45
holds a major benefit for plants.
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ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:48
Carnivorous plants tend to grow in places with highly acidic soil,
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ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช,
00:53
which is poor in crucial nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
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ืฉืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื ืงืŸ, ื–ืจื—ืŸ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ.
00:59
In these hostile conditions,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืขื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
01:01
plants that are able to lure, trap, and digest prey
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ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืช, ืœืœื›ื•ื“, ื•ืœืขื›ืœ ื˜ืจืฃ
01:05
have an advantage over those that rely on soil for their nutrients.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื.
01:10
Take this inhospitable bog,
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ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืœื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจืช ืคื ื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
01:13
where pitcher plants reign supreme.
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ื‘ื” ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงื ืงืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื.
01:15
Drawn to the pitcherโ€™s vivid colors and alluring scent,
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ื ืžืฉืš ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืฉืš,
01:19
the fly closes in and slurps its nectar.
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ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืœื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ.
01:22
But this pitcher species has an ingredient called coniine in its nectar,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื ืงืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื˜ืจ ืฉืœื•,
01:27
a powerful narcotic to insects.
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ืกื ื—ื–ืง ืœื—ืจืงื™ื.
01:30
As the coniine takes effect,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข,
01:32
the fly grows sluggish, stumbles, and falls down the funnel
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ื”ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื’ื•ืฉื, ืžื•ืขื“, ื•ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืžืฉืคืš
01:37
into a pool of liquid at the base,
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ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก,
01:39
where he drowns.
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ืข.
01:41
Enzymes and bacteria in the liquid slowly break his body down
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ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:46
into microscopic particles the pitcher plant can consume through its leaves.
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ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ืงืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ื•.
01:51
Occasionally,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
01:52
larger prey also tumbles into the fatal funnel of the pitcher plant.
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ื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื ื•ืคืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉืคืš ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ืงื ืงืŸ.
01:57
The second victim faces off with the sticky sundew plant.
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ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฆืžื— ื”ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
02:02
The sundewโ€™s tiny leaves are equipped with a viscous secretion called mucilage.
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ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืžื•ืงื™ืœืื’'.
02:08
The ant is swiftly trapped in this goo.
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ื”ื ืžืœื” ื ืœื›ื“ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง.
02:11
As she struggles, enzymes begin to digest her body.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงืช, ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื”.
02:15
Special tentacles sense her movement and curl around her,
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ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืชืขืงืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
02:19
clenching her in their suffocating grip.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœืคื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ื ืงืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:22
Once she asphyxiates,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื—ื ืงืช,
02:23
which can happen in under an hour,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื”,
02:25
the tentacles unfurl again to snare their next victim.
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ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:30
Two down, four to go.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื“ื•, ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื”.
02:32
The next target meets his end underground,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืืช ืกื•ืคื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
02:35
in the coils of the corkscrew plant.
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ื‘ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืคื•ืชื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื.
02:38
He enters the roots through a tiny slit in search of food.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืจื™ืฅ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:42
But inside, he quickly loses his way through the tangled labyrinth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
02:47
A forest of curved hairs prevents his escape,
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ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืงืœื•ืช ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”,
02:50
guiding him into a central chamber with flesh-digesting enzymes
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ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืจืงื™ ื‘ืฉืจ
02:55
and deadly low levels of oxygen.
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ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
02:59
In the murky depths of a nearby pond,
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ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืกืžื•ื›ื”,
03:02
a tadpole unwittingly swims into the path of the bladderwort,
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ืจืืฉืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื” ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช,
03:07
the speediest of all carnivorous plants.
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:10
She treads on the bladderwortโ€™s trigger,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ืช,
03:13
and in milliseconds,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™-ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
03:14
a trapdoor swings open and sucks her in.
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ื“ืœืช ืกืชืจื™ื ื ืคืชื—ืช ื•ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืื•ืชื”.
03:17
Trapped half in and half out,
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ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
03:20
she struggles to free herself
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ื”ื™ื ื ืื‘ืงืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”
03:22
while the part of her body inside the plant gets digested.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžื— ืžืชืขื›ืœ.
03:27
Over the next few hours,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:28
her writhing sets the trap off repeatedly,
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ื”ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
03:31
each time bringing her deeper into the plant
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืžื—
03:34
to be digested alive bit by bit.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœืง.
03:38
Meanwhile, this beetle is bewitched by sweet-smelling nectar.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ืฉืคืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืงื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืจื™ื— ืžืชื•ืง.
03:42
The scent draws him closer and closer
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ื”ืจื™ื— ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:44
until he lands on the leaves of the worldโ€™s most infamous carnivorous plant.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:50
His landing triggers tiny hairs on the surface of the leaves,
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื,
03:54
and the jaws of the venus fly trap snap shut around him.
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ื•ื”ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืื” ื ืกื’ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
03:58
The spikes interlock to seal his fate.
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ื”ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื”.
04:01
Once closed,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืกื’ืจื™ื,
04:02
the leaves act like an external stomach that digests the beetleโ€™s soft tissues.
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืขื›ืœืช ืืช ื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:08
When they open again a few days later,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:11
only the dry husk of his exoskeleton remains.
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ืจืง ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืง ืฉืœื” ื ืฉืืจ.
04:15
The mayfly is the last creature standing.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืžืื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“.
04:18
As she approaches the butterwort plant,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœื—ืžืื™ืช,
04:21
she heads for the flowers that wave high above the plantโ€™s globs of adhesive goo.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืคืจื—ื™ื ืฉืžืชื ืคื ืคื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—.
04:27
She alights on the petals, drinks the nectar, and takes off unscathed.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื—ืชืช ืขืœ ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ืฉื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ื ืงื˜ืจ, ื•ืžืชืขื•ืคืคืช ืœืœื ืคื’ืข.
04:32
These long flower stalks keep certain insects away from the carnivoreโ€™s trapsโ€”
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ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ื—ืจืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ --
04:37
a way of separating pollinators from food.
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ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืงื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
04:41
Off the mayfly buzzes to live a long and fruitful lifeโ€“
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืžืื™ ืžื–ืžื–ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื --
04:46
oh.
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ืื•ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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