Under the hood: The chemistry of cars - Cynthia Chubbuck

336,928 views ใƒป 2014-07-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:08
There are over one billion cars in the world today,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:11
getting people where they need to go,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื,
00:13
but cars aren't just a mode of transportation,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืฆื•ืจืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”,
00:16
they're also a chemistry lesson waiting to be taught.
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ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ืœืžื“.
00:18
The process of starting your car begins in the engine cylinders,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข,
00:22
where a spritz of gasoline from the fuel injector
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ืฉื ื ืชื– ื“ืœืง ืžืžื–ืจืง ื”ื“ืœืง
00:24
and a gulp of air from the intake valve
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ื•ืœื’ื™ืžืช ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืกืชื•ื ื”ื™ื ื™ืงื”
00:26
mix together before being ignited by a spark,
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ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆืช,
00:29
forming gases that expand and push the piston.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื”.
00:33
But combustion is an exothermic reaction, meaning it releases heat.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ืจืžื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื—ื•ื.
00:37
Lots of it.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื•.
00:38
And while much of this heat escapes through the tail pipe,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืจื— ื“ืจืš ื”ืื’ื–ื•ื–,
00:41
the heat that remains in the engine block needs to be absorbed, transported, and dissipated
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ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืคื’, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืœื˜
00:46
to protect the metal components from deforming or even melting.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืžืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื ืžืก.
00:49
This is where the cooling system comes in.
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ืฉื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
00:51
A liquid gets circulated throughout the engine,
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ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžื•ื–ืจื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื ื•ืข,
00:54
but what kind of liquid can absorb all that heat?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื?
00:56
Water may seem like an obvious first choice.
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ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
00:59
After all, its specific heat,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
01:00
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature
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ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
01:03
of a given amount by one degree Celsius,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช,
01:05
is higher than that of any other common substance.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืื—ืจ.
01:08
And we have a lot of heat energy to absorb.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ืช ื—ื•ื ืœืกืคื•ื’.
01:10
But using water can get us into deep trouble.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฆืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
01:13
For one thing, its freezing point is zero degrees Celsius.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืืคืก ืžืขืœื•ืช.
01:16
Since water expands as it freezes,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื,
01:19
a cold winter night could mean a cracked radiator and a damaged engine block,
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ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืงืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ ืกื“ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืœื•ืง ืžื ื•ืข ืคื’ื•ื,
01:23
a chilling prospect.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืคื™ื.
01:24
And considering how hot car engines can get,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ืžื,
01:26
the relatively low boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื‘ 100 ืžืขืœื•ืช
01:30
can lead to a situation that would get anyone steamed.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืชื™ื— ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
01:32
So, instead of water, we use a solution,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื”,
01:35
a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute and a solvent.
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ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืžืžื™ืก ื•ืžื•ืžืก.
01:39
Some of the solution's properties will differ depending on the proportion of solute present.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ืชืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืžืก ืฉื ืžืฆื.
01:44
These are called colligative properties, and as luck would have it,
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื”,
01:48
they include freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.
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ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื”.
01:51
So, solutions have both a lower freezing point and a higher boiling point than pure solvent,
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ืื–, ืœืชืžื™ืกื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืงืคื™ืื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืžื™ืกื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
01:56
and the more solute is present, the bigger the difference.
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ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืžืก, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:00
So, why do these properties change?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช?
02:02
First of all, we need to understand that temperature is a measure
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื”
02:05
of the particle's average kinetic energy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
02:07
The colder the liquid, the less of this energy there is,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:10
and the slower the molecules move.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ืขื•ืช ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:12
When a liquid freezes, the molecules slow down,
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ื›ืฉื ื•ื–ืœ ืงื•ืคื, ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื™ื˜ื•ืช,
02:14
enough for their attractive forces to act on each other,
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื™ืคืขืœื• ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:17
arranging themselves into a crystal structure.
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ื•ื™ืกื“ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™.
02:20
But the presence of solute particles gets in the way of these attractions,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”,
02:23
requiring a solution to be cooled down further before the arrangement can occur.
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ืชืชืงืจืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:27
As for the boiling point, when a liquid boils,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื”, ื›ืฉื ื•ื–ืœ ืจื•ืชื—,
02:30
it produces bubbles filled with its vapor,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžื•ืœืื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื™ื,
02:32
but for a bubble to form, the vapor pressure must become as strong
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ, ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง
02:36
as the atmosphere constantly pushing down on the surface of the liquid.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•ื—ืฆืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ.
02:40
As the liquid is heated, the vapor pressure increases,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืชื—ืžื, ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื“ื™ื ื’ื“ืœ,
02:43
and when it becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
02:45
the bubbles form and boiling occurs.
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
02:48
A solution's vapor pressure is lower than that of pure solvent,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื” ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืœ ืžืžืก ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
02:51
so it must be heated to an even higher temperature
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ืื– ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืžืช ืœื˜ืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:54
before it can match the strength of the atmosphere.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™.
02:56
As an added bonus, the pressure in the radiator
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ื›ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ
02:59
is kept above atmospheric pressure,
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ื ืฉืžืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™,
03:01
raising the boiling point by another 25 degrees Celsius.
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ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ 25 ืžืขืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
03:04
The solution commonly used for a car's cooling system
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ืœืจื›ื‘
03:07
is a 50/50 mixture of ethylene glycol and water,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ 50/50 ืฉืœ ืื˜ื™ืœืชืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืœ ื•ืžื™ื,
03:11
which freezes at -37 degrees Celsius and boils at 106 degrees Celsius.
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ืฉืงื•ืคื ื‘ 37- ืžืขืœื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืชื— ื‘ 106 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
03:17
At the highest recommended proportion of 70 to 30,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ 70 ืœ 30,
03:21
the freezing point is even lower at -55 degrees Celsius,
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ 55- ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:25
and the boiling point rises to 113 degrees Celsius.
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœ 113 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
03:29
As you can see, the more ethylene glycol you add,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืœ,
03:31
the more protection you get, so why not go even higher?
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื ื”, ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ?
03:34
Well, it turns out you can have too much of a good thing
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
03:37
because at higher proportions,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:38
the freezing point actually starts to go back up.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
03:41
The properties of the solution head towards the properties of ethylene glycol,
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ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื•ืœ,
03:45
which freezes at -12.9 degrees Celsius,
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ืฉืงื•ืคื ื‘ 12.9- ืžืขืœื•ืช,
03:48
a higher temperature than we attained with the solution.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื™ืกื”.
03:51
The solution flows through the engine, absorbing heat along the way.
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ื”ืชืžื™ืกื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืข, ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš.
03:54
When it reaches the radiator, it's cooled by a fan,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืจื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ,
03:57
as well as air rushing through the front of the car
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ื•ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
04:00
before returning to the hot engine compartment.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ื.
04:02
So, an effective and safe engine coolant
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ืื–, ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืงืจื•ืจ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
04:04
must have a high specific heat, a low freezing point, and a high boiling point.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืชื™ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:09
But instead of searching all over the world for the perfect liquid to solve our problem,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
04:13
we can create our own solution.
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ืื ื—ื•ื  ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื™ืกื” (ื’ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ) ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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