The last chief of the Comanches and the fall of an empire - Dustin Tahmahkera

321,921 views ใƒป 2020-07-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Late one night in 1871, a group of riders descended on a sleeping army camp.
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ 1871, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ ื™ืฉืŸ.
00:14
In minutes they stirred the camp into a panic,
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ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ืœืคืื ื™ืงื”,
00:17
stole about 70 horses, and disappeared.
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ื’ื ื‘ื• 70 ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื•ื ืขืœืžื•.
00:21
Led by a young chief named Quanah Parker,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืื ื” ืคืจืงืจ,
00:24
the raid was the latest in a long series of altercations
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ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื
00:28
along the Texas frontier between the indigenous people
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื
00:31
known as the Numunu, or Comanches,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื ื•ืžื•ื ื•, ืื• ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™,
00:34
and the United States forces sent to steal Comanche lands
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื ืฉื™
00:38
for white settlers.
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ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
00:40
Though the conflict was decades old,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
00:42
U.S. Colonel Ranald MacKenzie led the latest iteration.
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ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืžืงื ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:46
From summer to winter, he tracked Quanah.
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ืžื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขื“ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืงื•ืื ื”.
00:49
But Quanah was also tracking him,
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืื ื” ื’ื ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื•,
00:52
and each time the colonel drew near his targets,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ืœ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
00:55
they disappeared without a trace into the vast plains.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืœื™ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
00:59
The Comanches had controlled this territory for nearly 200 years,
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ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืฉืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 200 ืฉื ื”,
01:03
hunting buffalo and moving whole villages around the plains.
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ืฆื“ื• ื‘ืืคืœื• ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:08
They suppressed Spanish and Mexican attacks from the south,
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ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื,
01:11
attempts to settle the land by the United States from the east,
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—,
01:15
and numerous other indigenous peoplesโ€™ bids for power.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:19
The Comanche Empire was not one unified group under central control,
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ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
01:23
but rather a number of bands, each with its own leaders.
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ืืœื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืฉืœื”.
01:28
What all of these bands had in common was their prowess as ridersโ€”
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื --
01:32
every man, woman, and child was adept on horseback.
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ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ, ืื™ืฉื”, ื•ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื.
01:36
Their combat skills on horseback
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื
01:38
far surpassed those of both other indigenous peoples and colonists,
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ื”ืชืขืœื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:43
allowing them to control an enormous area with relatively few peopleโ€”
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื --
01:48
probably about 40,000 at their peak
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขืจืš 40,000 ื‘ืฉื™ื
01:50
and only about 4-5,000 by the time
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš 4-5000 ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
01:53
Quanah Parker and Ranald Mackenzie faced off.
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ืฉืงื•ืื ื” ืคืืจืงืจ ื•ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืžืงื ื–ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืชื•.
01:57
Born around 1848, Quanah was the eldest child of Peta Nocona,
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ืงื•ืื ื”, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 1848, ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื” ื ื•ืงื•ื ื”,
02:02
a leader of the Nokoni band, and Cynthia Ann Parker,
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื ื•ืงื•ื ื™, ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื™ื” ืืŸ ืคืืจืงืจ,
02:06
a kidnapped white settler who assimilated with the Comanches
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ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื—ื˜ืคื” ื•ื ื˜ืžืขื” ื‘ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™
02:10
and took the name Naduah.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื ื“ื•ืื”.
02:13
When Quanah was a preteen,
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ื›ืฉืงื•ืื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
02:15
U.S. forces ambushed his village, capturing his mother and sister.
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืคืฉื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืคืจื•, ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ืื™ืžื• ื•ืื—ื•ืชื•.
02:20
Quanah and his younger brother sought refuge with a different Comanche band,
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ืงื•ืื ื” ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืงื•ืžืื ืฆโ€™ื™ ืื—ืจ,
02:24
the Quahada.
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ื”ืงื•ืื”ืื“ื”.
02:26
In the years that followed, Quanah proved himself as a warrior and leader.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ืงื•ืื ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’.
02:31
In his early twenties, he and a young woman named Weakeah eloped,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ื™ืงื”ืื” ื‘ืจื—ื•,
02:36
enraging her powerful father and several other leaders.
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ื•ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:40
They stayed on the run for a year,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”,
02:42
attracting followers and establishing Quanah as a paraibo, or chief,
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ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืงืžื• ืืช ืงื•ืื ื” ื›ืคืจืื™ื‘ื•, ืื• ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ,
02:47
at an exceptionally young age.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
02:50
Under his leadership the Quahada band was able to elude the U.S. military
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื”ืื“ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืฆื‘ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:55
and continue their way of life.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:57
But in the early 1870s, the East Coast market for buffalo hides became lucrative,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19, ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืขื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืคืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™,
03:02
and hunters slaughtered millions of buffalo in just a few years.
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ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืคืืœื• ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
03:07
Meanwhile, U.S. forces led a surprise attack,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืชืงืคืช ืคืชืข,
03:10
killing nearly all the Quahada bandโ€™s 1,400 horses and stealing the rest.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ 1400 ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ืื”ื“ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืจ.
03:16
Though he had vowed to never surrender, Quanah knew that without bison or horses,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœื”ื›ื ืข, ืงื•ืื ื” ื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ืกื™ื,
03:21
the Comanches faced certain starvation in winter.
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ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
03:24
So in 1875 Quanah and the Quahada band
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ืื– ื‘ 1875 ืงื•ืื ื” ื•ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ืื”ื“ื”
03:29
moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma.
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืกื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืงืœื•ื”ื•ืžื”.
03:33
As hunter-gatherers, they could not transition easily
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ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ื”ืกืชื“ืจื• ืขื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
03:36
to an agricultural way of life on the reservation.
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ืœื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืงืœืื™ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื”.
03:40
The U.S. government had promised rations and supplies,
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืืกืคืงื”,
03:43
but what they provided was wildly insufficient.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
03:46
Quanah, meanwhile, was suddenly in a weak political position:
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ืงื•ืื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื”:
03:51
he had no wealth or power compared to others
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ื›ื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื
03:53
who had been on the reservation longer.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:56
Still, he saw an opportunity.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
03:58
The reservation included ample grasslandsโ€”
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœื” ืื“ืžื•ืช ืžืจืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช --
04:01
useless to the Comanches but perfect for cattle ranchers to graze their herds.
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ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ืงืจ ืœืจืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืื™ื,
04:07
He began a profitable arrangement leasing the land to cattle ranchers,
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ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:11
quietly at first.
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04:12
Eventually, he negotiated leasing rights with the U.S. government,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื™ืจื” ืขื ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
04:16
which ensured a steady source of income for the Comanches on the reservation.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื”.
04:21
As Quanahโ€™s status on the reservation
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืงื•ืื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืขืœื”
04:24
and recognition from government officials grew,
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ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ื“ืœื•,
04:27
he secured better rations,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืงืฆื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:29
advocated for the construction of schools and houses,
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืชื™ื,
04:32
and became one of three tribal judges on the reservation court.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”.
04:36
Tired of speaking with multiple leaders,
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ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
04:38
the U.S. government wanted to appoint one chief of all Comanchesโ€”
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจืฆื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ --
04:43
a role that hadnโ€™t existed outside the reservation.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืžื•ืจื”.
04:47
Still, many Comanches supported Quanah for this role,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืงื•ืื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“,
04:51
just as several older leaders had supported him
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืชืžื›ื• ื‘ื•
04:53
to lead them against the U.S. armed forces.
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ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:56
Even Quanahโ€™s former adversary, Ranald MacKenzie,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืื ื”, ืจื•ื ืืœื“ ืžืงื ื–ื™,
04:59
advocated for his appointment.
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ื˜ืขืŸ ืœืžื™ื ื•ื™ื•.
05:01
Quanah acted in Hollywood movies and befriended American politicians,
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ืงื•ืื ื” ืฉื™ื—ืง ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
05:06
riding in Theodore Rooseveltโ€™s inauguration parade.
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ื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆืขื“ ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜.
05:09
Still, he never cut his long braids
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืกื™ืคืจ ืืช ืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช
05:11
and advocated for the Native American Church and the use of peyote.
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื•ื˜ื”.
05:15
He began to go by Quanah Parker, adopting his motherโ€™s surname,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืื ื” ืคืืจืงืจ, ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•,
05:20
and tried to track down his mother and sister,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื™ืžื• ื•ืื—ื•ืชื•,
05:23
eventually learning they had both died shortly after their capture.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืชื• ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื•.
05:28
Quanah adapted again and againโ€” to different worlds, different roles,
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ืงื•ืื ื” ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ -- ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:34
and circumstances that would seem insurmountable to most.
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ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
05:37
Though he wasnโ€™t without critics, after Quanahโ€™s passing,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืื ื”,
05:40
Comanches began using the term โ€œchairmanโ€
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ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ"
05:43
to designate the top elected official in the tribe,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜,
05:46
recognizing him as the last chief of the Comanches
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™
05:50
and a model of cultural survival and adaptation.
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืืžื”.
05:53
In that spirit, todayโ€™s Comanche Nation looks towards the future,
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ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืช ื”ืงื•ืžืื ืฉื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขืชื™ื“,
05:58
with over 16,000 enrolled citizens and countless descendants.
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 16,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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