How squids outsmart their predators - Carly Anne York

2,945,071 views ใƒป 2018-05-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
In the oceanโ€™s depths, two titans wage battle:
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ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืงื™ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื”:
00:13
the sperm whale and the colossal squid.
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ืง.
00:17
Sperm whales use echolocation to hunt these squid for food,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ืจืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืงื• ืœื•ืงืฆื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื•ื“ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื,
00:21
but even against this gigantic animal, squid can put up an impressive fight.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืช ืขื ืง, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื–ืจื”.
00:26
Scientists know this because on the bodies of washed-up whales,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ืชื ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื˜ืคื•,
00:30
they frequently find huge, round suction scars,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื™ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื,
00:34
emblazoned there by large, grasping tentacles.
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ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช.
00:39
Ranging in size from this giantโ€™s impressive 14 meters
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ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ 14 ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ืง
00:43
to the 2.5 centimeters of the southern pygmy squid,
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ืœ 2.5 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืžื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
00:47
these creatures fall into the group of animals known as cephalopods.
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื.
00:52
There are about 500 squid species worldwide,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 500 ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:55
and they live in all the worldโ€™s oceans,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:57
making them a reliable food source for whales,
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืŸ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
01:00
dolphins,
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
01:01
sharks,
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื,
01:02
seabirds,
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01:02
fish,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื™ื,
ื“ื’ื™ื,
01:03
and even other squid.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:05
Indeed, squid themselves are fearsome ocean predators.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช,ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื™ื ืื™ืžืชื ื™ื™ื.
01:09
But their most extraordinary adaptations
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:12
are those that have evolved to help them thwart their predators.
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ื”ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
01:16
Squid, which can be found mainly
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ
01:18
in estuarine, deep-sea, and open-water habitats,
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ื‘ืฉืคื›ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื,
01:22
often swim together in shoals.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช.
01:25
Being out in the open without anywhere to hide makes them vulnerable,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
01:29
so as a first line of defense, they rely on large, well-developed eyes.
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ืื– ื›ืงื• ื”ื’ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
01:34
In the colossal squid, these are the size of dinner plates,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกืœื™, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืœื—ื•ืช,
01:38
the largest known eyes in the animal kingdom.
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ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
01:42
When itโ€™s dark or the water is murky, however,
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ื›ืฉื—ืฉื•ืš ืื• ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืงื•ื“ืจื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:44
squid rely on a secondary sensory system,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
01:47
made from thousands of tiny hair cells that are only about twelve microns long
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืืœืคื™ ืชืื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 12 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
01:53
and run along their heads and arms.
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ื•ืžืชืคืจืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืจืืฉื ื•ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื™ื”ื.
01:56
Each of these hair cells is attached to axons in the nervous system.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืืงืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
02:00
Swimming animals create a wake,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ืœ,
02:03
so when the hairs on the squidโ€™s body detect this motion,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”,
02:06
they send a signal to the brain,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืช ืœืžื•ื—,
02:08
which helps it determine the direction of the waterโ€™s flow.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ื.
02:11
This way, a squid can sense an oncoming predator in even the dimmest waters.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืžื•ืžื™ื.
02:18
Aware of the threat, a squid can then mask itself from a predator.
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ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
02:22
Squid skin contains thousands of tiny organs called chromatophores,
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ืขื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื,
02:27
each made of black, brown, red or yellow pigments and ringed in muscle.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ืžื™ื, ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงืฃ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
02:33
Reflecting cells beneath the chromatophores
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ืชืื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื
02:36
mirror the squidโ€™s surroundings, enabling it to blend in.
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื˜ืžืข.
02:40
So, when the muscles contract,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื,
02:42
the color of the pigment is exposed,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ ื ื—ืฉืฃ,
02:45
whereas when the muscles relax the colors are hidden.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื‘ื•ื™.
02:48
Each of these chromatophores
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:50
is under the individual control of the squidโ€™s nervous system,
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ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ,
02:53
so while some expand, others remain contracted.
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื.
02:57
That enables countershading,
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ื’ื“,
02:59
where the underside of the squid is lighter than the top,
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ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœืžืขืœื”,
03:03
to eliminate a silhouette that a predator might spy from below.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฆืœืœื™ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื• ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
03:07
Some predators, however, like the whales and dolphins,
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
03:11
get around this ruse by using sound waves to detect a squidโ€™s camouflaged form.
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ืขื•ืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื™ ืงื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ.
03:17
Not to be outfoxed, the squid still has two more tricks up its sleeve.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืืœื™ื•, ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ.
03:22
The first involves ink, produced inside its mantle.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ื•, ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช.
03:25
Squid ink is made mostly of mucus and melanin,
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ื“ื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืจื™ืจ ื•ืžืœื ื™ืŸ,
03:29
which produces its dark coloring.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื”ื”.
03:32
When squid eject the ink,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•,
03:34
they either use it to make a large smokescreen
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ื”ื•ื ืื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืกืš ืขืฉืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:36
that completely blocks the predatorโ€™s view
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ืฉืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ
03:39
or a blob that roughly mimics the size and shape of the squid.
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ืื• ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืžื“ืžื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ.
03:44
This creates a phantom form, called a pseudomorph,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคืกื•ืื•ื“ื•ืžื•ืจืฃ,
03:48
that tricks the predator into thinking itโ€™s the real squid.
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ืฉืžืฉื˜ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:52
As a final touch, squid rely on jet propulsion
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ื•ื›ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžืกืชืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืช ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ
03:56
to rapidly shoot away from their hunters,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
03:59
reaching speeds of up to 25 miles per hour and moving meters away in mere seconds.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ 40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉืขื” ื•ื ืขื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
04:05
This makes them Earthโ€™s fastest invertebrates.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:09
Some squid species have also developed unique adaptive behaviors.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื’ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
04:13
The deep-sea vampire squid, when startled,
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืคื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืจื“,
04:16
uses its webbed arms to make a cape it hides behind.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ืžื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื.
04:21
The tiny bobtail, on the other hand, tosses sand over its body
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ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื–ื•ืจืง ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื•
04:25
as it burrows away from prying eyes.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืคืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช.
04:28
The Pacific flying squid uses jet propulsion for another purpose:
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขืช ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืื—ืจืช:
04:32
to launch itself right out of the water.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื.
04:35
Squidsโ€™ inventive adaptations have allowed them
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื
04:38
to proliferate for over 500 million years.
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ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
04:41
Even now, weโ€™re still uncovering new species.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
04:44
And as we do,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
04:46
weโ€™re bound to discover even more about how these stealthy cephalopods
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื’ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืžืงื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:50
have mastered survival in the deep and unforgiving sea.
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ืฉื›ืœืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ืกืœื—ื ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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