Cannibalism in the animal kingdom - Bill Schutt

6,836,637 views ใƒป 2018-03-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
In the deserts of the American Southwest,
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ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ื ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:09
spadefoot toad tadpoles hatch in tiny oases.
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ืจืืฉื ื™ ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
00:14
Until they develop into toadlets, they canโ€™t survive outside of water,
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืขื•ืœืœื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื,
00:18
but these ponds are transient and quickly evaporate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื•ืžืชืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:22
The tadpoles are in a race against the clock
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ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ
00:24
to grow up before their nurseries disappear.
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืขืœืžื•.
00:28
So nearly overnight, some of the brood explode in size.
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ืื– ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื”ืงื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื.
00:32
They use their jack-o-lantern teeth and huge jaw muscles
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืงื•ืคืฅ ื•ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ืœืกืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
00:36
to devour their smaller pond mates.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื”.
00:39
Nourished by this extra fuel,
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ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืง ื ื•ืกืฃ,
00:41
they develop quicker, leaving the pond before it can dry out.
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
00:45
The spadefoot toad is far from the only animal
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ื”ืงืจืคื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:48
to eat members of its own species as a normal part of its life cycle.
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ืฉืื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”.
00:53
All of these animals do.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื’ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืš.
00:56
If that surprises you, youโ€™re in good company.
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ืื ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื, ืืชื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
00:58
Until recently, scientists thought cannibalism
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื
01:01
was a rare response to starvation or other extreme stress.
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœืจืขื‘ ืื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:06
Well-known cannibals,
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ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
01:07
like the praying mantis and black widow spider,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ืžืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”,
01:10
were considered bizarre exceptions.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
01:12
But now, we know they more or less represent the rule.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
01:17
While it may seem counterproductive
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
01:19
for members of the same species to eat each other,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:21
cannibalism can promote the survival of the species as a whole
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ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ
01:25
by reducing competition,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
01:26
culling the weak,
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ื ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื,
01:28
and bolstering the strong.
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ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
01:30
Some species, like the spadefoot toad,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืคื“ื•ืช ืจื’ืœ ื”ืขืœื”,
01:32
cannibalize in response to environmental pressures.
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ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
01:35
Their situation is precarious,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘,
01:37
but cannibalism for them isnโ€™t a last-ditch attempt to avoid starvation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืืžืฅ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืจืขื‘.
01:41
Rather, itโ€™s a way to more quickly outgrow a stage
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ืืœื, ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืฉืœื‘
01:45
where theyโ€™re especially vulnerable to predation
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ื‘ื• ื”ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ืจื™ืคื”
01:47
or dangerous environmental conditions.
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ืื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
01:50
Other species, including many fish,
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ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื,
01:52
indiscriminately cannibalize each other during foraging behavior.
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืœืœื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
01:57
Fish produce large numbers of tiny young,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:59
and adults exhibit about as much individual recognition of their offspring
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ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื™ื”ื
02:03
as humans do for a handful of raisins.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ืžื•ืงื™ื.
02:07
Fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles are easily available, nutrient-rich meals,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื–ื—ืœื™ื, ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืœืื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื,
02:12
and with thousands of eggs in a clutch,
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ื•ืขื ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืงื™ืง,
02:14
plenty are still available to hatch after the adults have snacked.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ืฉื ืฉื•.
02:19
Baby fish arenโ€™t just at risk of being cannibalized by adultsโ€”
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ื“ื’ื™ื’ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœื”ืื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื --
02:22
siblings eat each other too.
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ืื—ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื’ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:25
Sand tiger shark eggs develop and hatch
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืงืขื•ืช
02:28
inside their motherโ€™s oviducts at different times.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
02:31
When the hatchlings run out of yolk from their own eggs,
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ื›ืฉืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื—ืœืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:34
they eat the other eggs and hatchlings
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ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
02:36
until one baby shark from each oviduct remains.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืจื™ืฉ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉื—ืœื” ื ืฉืืจ.
02:40
When they emerge, the young sharks are well-nourished, experienced predators
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื, ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื
02:44
who stand a better chance of surviving.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
02:47
Even when they arenโ€™t consumed for nutrition,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืœืชื–ื•ื ื”,
02:49
young animals are especially vulnerable to cannibalism.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื.
02:52
Hamsters,
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ืื•ื’ืจื™ื,
02:53
rats,
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื,
02:54
and other rodent mothers
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ื•ืืžื”ื•ืช ืžื›ืจืกืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
02:56
will eat some of their young if theyโ€™re sick,
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ื™ืื›ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:58
dead,
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ืžืชื™ื,
02:59
or simply too numerous to feed.
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ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ.
03:01
In other mammals, including bears and lions,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื™ื•ืช,
03:04
males will kill offspring sired by another.
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:07
Thatโ€™s because childless females become receptive to mating more quickly
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ
03:12
than if they were caring for a cub.
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ืžื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ื™ืงื•ืช ื’ื•ืจ.
03:15
Rather than waste nutritious meat, the males then eat the dead cubs.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื–ื™ืŸ, ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื.
03:19
Meanwhile, cannibalism is less common in birds than in other groups,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:24
but certain species will eat diseased or dead hatchlings
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืžืชื™ื
03:27
as a way of disposing of the bodies before they can attract maggots.
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ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคืชืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืจื™ืžื•ืช.
03:32
When adults eat each other, males are cannibalized more often than females,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
03:36
usually during mating and generally because theyโ€™re smaller.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:41
Male Australian redback spiders mate with much larger females.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ ื’ื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ื ืงื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
03:46
Rather than scrambling away after mating, the tiny male does a somersault,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื–ื›ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกืœื˜ื”,
03:50
bringing his abdomen into contact with his mateโ€™s mouthparts.
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ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื–ื•ื’ืชื•.
03:55
The female showers him with enzyme-rich gut juice and consumes his abdomen.
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ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืจืขื™ืคื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ืฆื™ ืงื™ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื ื•.
04:00
Males not killed in the initial mating crawl back into the fray,
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื•ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกื›ื ื”,
04:04
often half-eaten,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืื›ื•ืœื™ื,
04:05
to mate again, after which theyโ€™re dispatched to the spider pantry.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื ืœืžื–ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
04:10
So not only does the male provide the female with his sperm,
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ืื– ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจ ืžืกืคืง ืœื ืงื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื•,
04:13
but he also provides her with a nutritious meal
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ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืกืคืง ืœื” ืืจื•ื—ื” ืžื–ื™ื ื”
04:16
to better ensure that sheโ€™ll survive to pass on his genes.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
04:20
All in all, itโ€™s clear that cannibalism is
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื
04:23
as much a part of life in the animal kingdom
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™
04:25
as other, better-recognized behaviors.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช.
04:28
As we sink our teeth into the evidence of cannibalism in nature,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:32
we might ask ourselves,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
04:33
what else have we missed by applying human standards to the natural world?
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ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืกืคืกื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื ื• ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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