Cannibalism in the animal kingdom - Bill Schutt

6,873,210 views ・ 2018-03-19

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: HanEum Jung κ²€ν† : Won Jang
"λͺ¨λ“  μœ κΈ°μ²΄λ“€μ΄ λ°œμ „ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 κ°•μžλ₯Ό λ²ˆμ‹, λ³€ν™”, μƒμ‘΄μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
μ•½μžλŠ” 죽게 ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀." -찰슀 λ‹€μœˆ, μ’…μ˜ 기원
00:07
In the deserts of the American Southwest,
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λ―Έκ΅­ λ‚¨μ„œλΆ€μ— μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λ§‰μ—μ„œλŠ”,
00:09
spadefoot toad tadpoles hatch in tiny oases.
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쟁기발개ꡬ리의 μ˜¬μ±™μ΄λ“€μ΄ μž‘μ€ μ›…λ©μ΄λ“€μ—μ„œ μ•Œμ„ 까고 λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Until they develop into toadlets, they can’t survive outside of water,
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이 μ˜¬μ±™μ΄λ“€μ€ 성체가 되기 μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” λ¬Ό λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 κ°€ μ—†μ§€μš”.
00:18
but these ponds are transient and quickly evaporate.
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그런데 이 μ—°λͺ»λ“€μ€ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ¦λ°œν•˜κ³  κΈˆμ„Έ λ§λΌλ²„λ¦¬κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
The tadpoles are in a race against the clock
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ˜¬μ±™μ΄λ“€μ€ μ‹œκ°„μ— μ«“κΈ°κ²Œ 되고
00:24
to grow up before their nurseries disappear.
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μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 어린이집이 사라져버리기 전에 λ‹€ μžλΌλ‚˜μ•Όλ§Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
So nearly overnight, some of the brood explode in size.
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λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ–΄λ–€ κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ€ 거의 ν•˜λ£»λ°€μ‚¬μ΄μ— κ±°λŒ€ν•˜κ²Œ μžλžλ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:32
They use their jack-o-lantern teeth and huge jaw muscles
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” κ΄΄λ¬Ό 같은 이빨과 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ ν„±κ·Όμœ‘μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ
00:36
to devour their smaller pond mates.
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μ—°λͺ»μ— 같이 μ‚΄κ³  μžˆλŠ” μžκΈ°λ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μ€ 동쑱듀을 μž‘μ•„λ¨Ήμ§€μš”.
00:39
Nourished by this extra fuel,
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덕뢄에 좔가적인 μ˜μ–‘λΆ„μ„ 곡급받은 이듀은
00:41
they develop quicker, leaving the pond before it can dry out.
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더 빨리 μ„±μž₯ν•΄μ„œ μ—°λͺ»μ΄ 마λ₯΄κΈ° 전에 그곳을 λ– λ‚  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
The spadefoot toad is far from the only animal
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이런 μŸκΈ°λ°œκ°œκ΅¬λ¦¬κ°€ 일반적인 μƒμ˜ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
00:48
to eat members of its own species as a normal part of its life cycle.
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동쑱원듀을 μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ 동물인 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
All of these animals do.
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사싀 λͺ¨λ“  동물듀이 이런 행동을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
If that surprises you, you’re in good company.
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λ§Œμ•½ 이에 놀라셨닀면 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ£Όλ³€μ—λŠ” 쒋은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ§Œ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Until recently, scientists thought cannibalism
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μ΅œκ·ΌκΉŒμ§€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 동쑱살생이
01:01
was a rare response to starvation or other extreme stress.
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κ΅Άμ£Όλ¦Όμ΄λ‚˜ κ·Ήλ„μ˜ μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν¬κ·€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μΈ 쀄 μ•Œμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
Well-known cannibals,
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잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 동쑱살생 동물인
01:07
like the praying mantis and black widow spider,
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μ‚¬λ§ˆκ·€λ‚˜ κ²€μ€κ³ΌλΆ€κ±°λ―ΈλŠ”
01:10
were considered bizarre exceptions.
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λ…νŠΉν•œ μ˜ˆμ™Έλ‘œ μ·¨κΈ‰λ˜μ—ˆμ—ˆμ§€μš”.
01:12
But now, we know they more or less represent the rule.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이제 이듀은 이런 보편적 행동을 λŒ€ν‘œν•˜λŠ” μ’…μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
While it may seem counterproductive
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같은 쒅쑱을 μ„œλ‘œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” 것이
01:19
for members of the same species to eat each other,
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λΉ„μƒμ‚°μ μœΌλ‘œ 보일지도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ,
01:21
cannibalism can promote the survival of the species as a whole
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동쑱살생은 μ’… μ „μ²΄μ˜ λ²ˆμ„±μ— 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
by reducing competition,
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μ΄λŠ” κ²½μŸμ„ 쀄여주고,
01:26
culling the weak,
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μ•½ν•œ 개체λ₯Ό λ„νƒœμ‹œν‚€κ³ ,
01:28
and bolstering the strong.
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κ°•ν•œ κ°œμ²΄λŠ” 더 κ°œμ„ μ‹œμΌœμ£Όμ§€μš”.
01:30
Some species, like the spadefoot toad,
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μŸκΈ°λ°œκ°œκ΅¬λ¦¬μ™€ 같은 λͺ‡ λͺ‡ 쒅듀은
01:32
cannibalize in response to environmental pressures.
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ν™˜κ²½μ μΈ 압박에 λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ 동쑱살생을 ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Their situation is precarious,
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μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 주어진 상황이 νž˜λ“€κΈ°λŠ” ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:37
but cannibalism for them isn’t a last-ditch attempt to avoid starvation.
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동쑱살생이 ꡢ주림을 ν”Όν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μœ μΌν•œ νƒˆμΆœκ΅¬μΈ 것은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:41
Rather, it’s a way to more quickly outgrow a stage
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κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ„±μž₯ν•΄μ„œ
ν¬μ‹μžλ“€μ˜ μœ„ν˜‘μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:45
where they’re especially vulnerable to predation
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01:47
or dangerous environmental conditions.
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μœ„ν—˜ν•œ μ£Όλ³€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ νƒˆμΆœν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λ°©λ²•μ΄μ§€μš”.
01:50
Other species, including many fish,
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λ§Žμ€ λ¬Όκ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅듀은
01:52
indiscriminately cannibalize each other during foraging behavior.
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ν¬μ‹ν™œλ™μ˜ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ μ„œλ‘œμ„œλ‘œλ₯Ό λ¬΄λΆ„λ³„ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
Fish produce large numbers of tiny young,
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물고기듀은 μž‘μ€ μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό μˆ˜μ—†μ΄ 많이 λ‚³κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
01:59
and adults exhibit about as much individual recognition of their offspring
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μ–΄λ―Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μƒˆλΌ ν•œ 마리 ν•œ λ§ˆλ¦¬λŠ”
02:03
as humans do for a handful of raisins.
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그닀지 λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” κ΄€μ‹¬μ˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:07
Fish eggs, larvae, and juveniles are easily available, nutrient-rich meals,
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물고기의 μ•Œ, μΉ˜μ–΄, μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€ κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° 쉽고 μ˜μ–‘κ°€ μžˆλŠ” λ¨Ήμ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
and with thousands of eggs in a clutch,
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ν•œ λ²ˆμ— λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ” μ•Œλ“€μ΄ 수천 개 이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
02:14
plenty are still available to hatch after the adults have snacked.
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성어듀이 λ¨Ήκ³  λ‚œ 후에도 μ—¬μ „νžˆ λΆ€ν™” ν•  μ•Œμ˜ 양은 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Baby fish aren’t just at risk of being cannibalized by adultsβ€”
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μƒˆλΌ 물고기듀은 μ„±μ²΄λ“€μ—κ²Œλ§Œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉνžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€ -
02:22
siblings eat each other too.
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같이 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 물고기듀끼리도 μ„œλ‘œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:25
Sand tiger shark eggs develop and hatch
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μƒŒλ“œνƒ€μ΄κ±°μƒμ–΄μ˜ μ•Œμ€ μ–΄λ―Έ μƒμ–΄μ˜ λ‚œκ΄€ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
02:28
inside their mother’s oviducts at different times.
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각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†λ„λ‘œ 자라고 λΆ€ν™”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
When the hatchlings run out of yolk from their own eggs,
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μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€ μžμ‹ μ˜ μ•Œμ— 있던 λ‚œν™©μ„ λ‹€ λ¨Ήκ³  λ‚˜λ©΄
02:34
they eat the other eggs and hatchlings
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ•Œλ“€κ³Ό μƒˆλΌλ“€μ„ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
until one baby shark from each oviduct remains.
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κ²°κ΅­μ—λŠ” ν•œ λ‚œκ΄€μ— ν•œ λ§ˆλ¦¬μ”©μ˜ μƒˆλΌλ§Œμ΄ λ‚¨κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
02:40
When they emerge, the young sharks are well-nourished, experienced predators
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이듀이 λ°–μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ™”μ„ λ•Œμ—λŠ” 이미 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜κ³  κ²½ν—˜ λ§Žμ€ ν¬μ‹μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μžˆμ§€μš”.
02:44
who stand a better chance of surviving.
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덕뢄에 생쑴확λ₯ λ„ λ†’μ•„μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Even when they aren’t consumed for nutrition,
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μ–΄λ¦° 동물듀은 κΌ­ μ˜μ–‘λΆ„ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλ„
02:49
young animals are especially vulnerable to cannibalism.
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λ™μ‘±μ‚΄μƒμ˜ ν¬μƒμžκ°€ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
Hamsters,
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ν–„μŠ€ν„°λ‚˜,
02:53
rats,
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μ₯,
02:54
and other rodent mothers
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ„€μΉ˜λ₯˜μ˜ 어미듀은
02:56
will eat some of their young if they’re sick,
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μ–΄λ¦° μƒˆλΌλ“€μ΄ λ³‘μ•½ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
02:58
dead,
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죽으면,
02:59
or simply too numerous to feed.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λ¨Ήμ—¬ 살리기에 λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많으면 μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
In other mammals, including bears and lions,
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κ³°μ΄λ‚˜ μ‚¬μžμ™€ 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 포유λ₯˜μ˜ 경우,
03:04
males will kill offspring sired by another.
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μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ΄ 암컷이 낳은 λ‹€λ₯Έ 수컷의 μžμ†λ“€μ„ μ£½μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:07
That’s because childless females become receptive to mating more quickly
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μƒˆλΌκ°€ 없어진 암컷듀이 짝짓기에 더 μˆ˜μ›”ν•˜κ²Œ μ‘ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
03:12
than if they were caring for a cub.
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암컷듀이 돌볼 μƒˆλΌκ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 그렇지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
Rather than waste nutritious meat, the males then eat the dead cubs.
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μˆ˜μ»·μ€ μ˜μ–‘κ°€ μžˆλŠ” κ³ κΈ°λ₯Ό λ‚­λΉ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  죽은 μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
Meanwhile, cannibalism is less common in birds than in other groups,
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ν•œνŽΈ, 이 μ‚΄μƒν˜„μƒμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물보닀 μ‘°λ₯˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 덜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
but certain species will eat diseased or dead hatchlings
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ‡ λͺ‡ 쒅은 λ³‘λ“€κ±°λ‚˜ 죽은 μ–΄λ¦° μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό 먹기도 ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
03:27
as a way of disposing of the bodies before they can attract maggots.
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μ΄λŠ” ꡬ더기가 생기기 전에 μ—†μ• κΈ° μœ„ν•¨μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
When adults eat each other, males are cannibalized more often than females,
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성체끼리 μ„œλ‘œ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” κ²½μš°μ—λŠ” μˆ˜μ»·λ“€μ΄ μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉνžˆλŠ” 일이 더 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
usually during mating and generally because they’re smaller.
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일반적으둜 짝짓기 쀑에 λ°œμƒν•˜λ©° 수컷이 더 μž‘κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ§€μš”.
03:41
Male Australian redback spiders mate with much larger females.
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호주의 뢉은등거미 μˆ˜μ»·μ€ 훨씬 더 큰 μ•”μ»·κ³Ό 짝짓기λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:46
Rather than scrambling away after mating, the tiny male does a somersault,
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짝짓기가 λλ‚œ μˆ˜μ»·μ€ 도망가지 μ•Šκ³ , μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺΈμ„ λ˜μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
bringing his abdomen into contact with his mate’s mouthparts.
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ λ°°κ°€ μƒλŒ€ μ•”μ»·μ˜ μž…κ³Ό 닿도둝 ν•˜μ§€μš”.
03:55
The female showers him with enzyme-rich gut juice and consumes his abdomen.
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암컷은 νš¨μ†Œκ°€ κ°€λ“ν•œ μ†Œν™”μ•‘μ„ μˆ˜μ»·μ—κ²Œ 뿌리고 그의 λͺΈν†΅μ„ λ¨ΉμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:00
Males not killed in the initial mating crawl back into the fray,
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첫 번째 μ§μ§“κΈ°μ—μ„œ 죽지 μ•Šμ€ μˆ˜μ»·μ€ μ’…μ’… λͺΈμ΄ 반쯀 먹힌 μƒνƒœλ‘œ
04:04
often half-eaten,
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04:05
to mate again, after which they’re dispatched to the spider pantry.
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λ‹€μ‹œ 짝짓기λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
거사가 λλ‚˜λ©΄ 이듀은 μ‹λŸ‰μ°½κ³ λ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ§€μš”.
04:10
So not only does the male provide the female with his sperm,
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이처럼 μˆ˜μ»·μ€ μ•”μ»·μ—κ²Œ μ •μžλ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄μ€„ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:13
but he also provides her with a nutritious meal
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μ˜μ–‘κ°€μžˆλŠ” μ‹μ‚¬κΉŒμ§€ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
to better ensure that she’ll survive to pass on his genes.
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덕뢄에 암컷은 살아남아 그의 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ¬΄μ‚¬νžˆ 물렀쀄 수 μžˆκ² μ§€μš”.
04:20
All in all, it’s clear that cannibalism is
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λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ, 동쑱살생행동은 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ™•κ΅­μ—μ„œ
04:23
as much a part of life in the animal kingdom
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μ‚Άμ˜ ν•œ 뢀뢄일 λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
as other, better-recognized behaviors.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 더 잘 μ•Œλ €μ§„ 행동듀과 λ‹€λ₯Ό λ°” μ—†μ§€μš”.
04:28
As we sink our teeth into the evidence of cannibalism in nature,
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μžμ—° 속 λ™μ‘±μ‚΄μƒμ˜ 증거듀을 주의 깊게 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄
04:32
we might ask ourselves,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œμ—κ²Œ 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
what else have we missed by applying human standards to the natural world?
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μžμ—° 세계에 μΈκ°„μ˜ 기쀀을 μ μš©ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ λ†“μΉœ 것은 무엇이 더 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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