The surprising reasons animals play dead - Tierney Thys

2,290,496 views ใƒป 2018-04-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Imagine youโ€™re being attacked by a ferocious predator.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื›ื–ืจื™.
00:09
With no chance of escape,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—,
00:11
you do what any courageous, self-respecting possum would do:
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ื ืืžื™ืฅ ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•:
00:15
curl into an immobile state called catatonia,
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ืžืชื›ืจื‘ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื ื™ื™ื— ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™ื”,
00:18
stick out your tongue,
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ,
00:19
drool,
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ืžืจื™ื™ืจื™ื,
00:20
and ooze some foul-smelling liquid from your anal glands.
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ื•ืžื–ื™ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกืจื™ื— ืžื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื.
00:24
Disgusted, your assailant loosens its grip,
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ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื ื’ืขืœ ื•ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื•,
00:28
decides youโ€™re not the dinner it was looking for,
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ,
00:30
and departs.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘.
00:32
After 10 minutes, you resurrect and merrily saunter on.
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ืื—ืจื™ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช, ืืชื ืงืžื™ื ืœืชื—ื™ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”.
00:36
From lemurs to lizards,
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ืžืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื˜ืื•ืช,
00:38
ants to amphibians,
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ื ืžืœื™ื ืœื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:39
sharks to chickens,
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ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:41
hundreds of animals "play dead" as a survival tactic.
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ืžืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืžืชื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
00:45
Nicknamed "playing possum" after its star performer,
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ืœืฉื—ืง ืื•ืชื” ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ื" ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”,
00:49
feigning death is also called thanatosis.
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ื”ืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื ืชื ืชื•ืกื™ืก.
00:52
Thatโ€™s from Thanatos, the ancient Greek deity of death.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื ืชื•ืก, ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”.
00:56
But most scientists call it tonic immobility, or TI.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• TI.
01:00
How and why TI occurs depends on the species and situation.
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ืื™ืš ื•ืœืžื” TI ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘.
01:06
Spewing stench and adopting odd postures are common and often play important roles.
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ื”ืชื–ืช ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
01:12
Other animals sacrifice their neighbors:
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื›ื ื™ื”ืŸ:
01:14
quail chicks that freeze while their kin run amok
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ืœื’ื•ื–ืœื™ ืฉืœื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ืง
01:17
have a better chance of survival when pursued by a cat.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืจื“ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœ.
01:21
Speaking of cats, feline mothers can pinch the napes of their kittensโ€™ necks
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ืืžื”ื•ืช ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื‘ ื”ืฆื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ
01:25
and induce another kind of immobility called clipnosis.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื ืงืœื™ืคื ื•ืกื™ืก.
01:29
This keeps their kittens quiet and easy to transport.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื.
01:33
Most of the physiological mechanisms underlying these theatrics
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:37
originate in the parasympathetic nervous system,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืืจืกื™ืžืคื˜ื˜ื™ืช,
01:40
better known for controlling cycles of resting and digesting.
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
01:44
In possums,
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ื‘ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ืžื™ื,
01:45
the parasympathetic nervous system causes their heart rates to drop by nearly half,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืคืืจืกื™ืžืคื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื—ืฆื™,
01:50
respiration by a third,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ,
01:53
and body temperatures by more than half a degree Celsius for up to an hour.
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ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžืขืœื” ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก ืขื“ ืœืฉืขื”.
01:58
The neurotransmitter dopamine also plays a part.
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ื’ื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“.
02:01
Flour beetles with low dopamine levels play dead more frequently
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ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืžื— ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื–ื•ืช ืœืžืชื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:05
than those with high levels,
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ืžืืœื• ืขื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
02:07
and anything blocking dopamine receptor sites can lengthen catatonia.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืกื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืงื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™ื”.
02:11
But maintaining a death ruse isnโ€™t easy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืช.
02:14
The performers are constantly gauging their surroundings
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ื”ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื”
02:17
for cues on when itโ€™s safe to rise.
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ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืงื•ื.
02:20
Chickens, for instance, can sense when a predatorโ€™s eyes are upon them.
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ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืชื™ ืขื™ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
02:24
Researchers know this because when they used a stuffed hawk in an experiment,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืคื•ื—ืœืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
02:28
their chicken subjects came out of their catatonia quicker
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ืชืจื ื•ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืงื˜ื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:32
when the hawkโ€™s eyes were averted.
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ื›ืฉืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืฅ ื”ื•ืกื˜ื•.
02:35
Other animals use TI for purposes other than defense.
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ TI ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื ื”.
02:39
When the sleeper cichlid feels peckish,
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ื›ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืขื‘ื™ื,
02:41
it sinks to the lake floor and lies motionless,
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ื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื’ื ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ื ื™ืข,
02:45
its splotchy coloration making it seem like a rotting carcass.
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ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืœื ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืจืงื‘ื•ืช.
02:49
If a small scavenger investigates, this undead trickster strikes.
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ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ, ื”ืžืชืขืชืข ื”ื—ื™ ืชื•ืงืฃ.
02:54
Some animals even feign death as a sexual ploy.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
02:57
Male nursery spiders offer gifts of silk-wrapped insects
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ ืžืฉื™
03:01
in hopes of wooing females.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืคืชื•ืช ื ืงื‘ื•ืช.
03:03
But those females are known to eat love-seeking males.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ืื”ื‘ื”.
03:07
By playing dead while the female eagerly devours her snack,
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ืื ื”ื ืžืชื—ื–ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืจืคืช ื‘ืชืื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ,
03:11
these males can cautiously revive
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
03:13
and improve their chances of successfully mating.
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ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:17
So TI can work to an animalโ€™s advantage, unless someone else knows its secret.
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ืื– TI ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:23
California orcas can flip over young great white sharks,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืื•ืจืงื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
03:26
inducing TI for so long the immobilized sharks,
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื TI ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื,
03:29
who must move to respire, essentially suffocate.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื, ื ื—ื ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
03:33
Humans can also flip sharks into TI.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืจื™ืฉื™ื ืœ TI.
03:35
By stroking a sharkโ€™s electrically-sensitive snout
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ ื”ืืฃ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ
03:38
and gently turning it over,
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ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
03:40
researchers can induce TI that lasts up to 15 minutes.
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื TI ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื“ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:44
Thatโ€™s enough time to insert tags,
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื™ื™ื’,
03:46
remove hooks,
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ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืงืจืกื™ื,
03:47
and even perform surgeries.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื.
03:49
There are risks however:
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื–ืืช:
03:51
TI can hamper respiration and induce hyperglycemia, a sign of stress.
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TI ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืœื—ืฅ.
03:56
So this technique should only be used when necessary.
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ืื– ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
04:00
Humans can also experience TI when they freeze with fear during violent assaults.
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื TI ื›ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
04:06
Recognizing this ancient, involuntary form of self-defense
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ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช
04:10
has significant implications when trying to understand
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:13
why some victims donโ€™t flee or fight in the face of danger.
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ืœืžื” ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกื›ื ื”.
04:17
So, studying TI in non-human animals
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ืื–, ื—ืงืจ TI ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
04:20
not only helps us better understand some odd behaviors,
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ืœื ืจืง ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช,
04:24
it can also help us better understand our own,
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:26
sometimes counterintuitive,
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
04:28
responses to violence.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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