Pixar: The math behind the movies - Tony DeRose

698,423 views ใƒป 2014-03-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
At Pixar, we're all about telling stories,
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ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
00:09
but one story that hasn't been told very much
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”
00:11
is the huge degree to which math is used
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช
00:14
in the production of our films.
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ื‘ื”ืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:15
The math that you're learning in
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
00:16
middle school and high school
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ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
00:18
is used all the time at Pixar.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:20
So, let's start with a very simple example.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
00:23
Anybody recognize this guy? (Cheers)
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”? (ืชืจื•ืขื•ืช)
00:26
Yeah, so this is Woody from Toy Story,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื– ื–ื” ื•ื•ื“ื™ ืžืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
00:29
and let's ask Woody to, say, walk across the stage
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื•ื•ื“ื™, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืœืœื›ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ืžื”
00:31
from, say, left to right, just like that.
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื›ื”.
00:34
So, believe it or not, you just saw a ton of mathematics.
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ืื–, ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจืื™ืชื ื˜ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
00:38
Where is it?
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื?
00:40
Well, to explain that,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:42
it's important to understand
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ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:43
that artists and designers think in terms of
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ืฉืื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื
00:45
shape and images
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ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช
00:46
but computers think in terms of numbers and equations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช.
00:49
So, to bridge those two worlds
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ืื–, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
00:51
we use a mathematical concept called
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื
00:52
coordinate geometry, right?
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ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
00:54
That is, we lay down a coordinate system
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช
00:56
with x describing how far something is to the right
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ื›ืฉ X ืžืชืืจ ื›ืžื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
01:00
and y describing how high something is.
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ื• Y ืžืชืืจ ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:02
So, with these coordinates we can describe
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ืื–, ืขื ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ
01:05
where Woody is at any instant in time.
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ืื™ืคื” ื•ื•ื“ื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
01:07
For instance, if we know the coordinates of
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ
01:09
the lower left corner of that image,
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ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
01:11
then we know where the rest of the image is.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืฉืืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ืžืฆืืช.
01:13
And in that little sliding animation we saw a second ago,
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ื•ื‘ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืขื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:16
that motion we call translation,
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ,
01:18
the x coordinate started with a value of one,
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ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ืช ื” X ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืื—ื“,
01:21
and it ended with a value of about five.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืขื ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืžืฉ.
01:24
So, if we want to write that in mathematics,
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ืื–, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:26
we see that the x at the end is four bigger
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื” X ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข
01:30
than x at the start.
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ืžื” X ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:32
So, in other words, the mathematics of translation
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ืื–, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ
01:35
is addition.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกืคื”.
01:36
Alright?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
01:37
How about scaling?
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ืžื” ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ?
01:38
That is making something bigger or smaller.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:41
Any guesses as to what the mathematics of scaling might be?
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ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ?
01:44
Dilation, multiplication, exactly.
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืง, ื›ืคืœ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
01:48
If you're going to make something twice as big,
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ืื ืชืขืฉื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
01:49
you need to mulitply the x and the y coordinates
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ืืชื ืชื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื” X ื•ื” Y
01:52
all by two.
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ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
01:53
So, this shows us that the mathematics of scaling
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ
01:56
is mulitiplication.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืคืœื”.
01:57
Okay?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™?
01:58
How about this one?
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ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”?
01:59
How about rotation? Alright, spinning around.
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ืžื” ืขื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘? ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
02:02
The mathematics of rotation is trigonometry.
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ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
02:06
So, here's an equation that expresses that.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื–ื”.
02:08
It looks a little scary at first.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืงืฆืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
02:09
You'll probably get this in eighth or ninth grade.
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื—' ืื• ื˜'.
02:12
If you find yourselves sitting in trigonometry class
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ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”
02:16
wondering when you're ever going to need this stuff,
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ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ ืื™ ืคืขื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
02:18
just remember that any time you see anything rotate
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื–ื›ืจื• ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
02:21
in one of our films,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:22
there's trigonometry at work underneath.
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืชื—ืช.
02:24
I first fell in love with mathematics in seventh grade.
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ื”ืชืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–'.
02:27
Any seventh graders? A few of you? Yeah.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–'? ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื? ื›ืŸ.
02:29
My seventh grade science teacher showed me
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ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื–' ื”ืจืื” ืœื™
02:32
how to use trigonometry to compute
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘
02:33
how high the rockets that I was building was going.
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ื™ืขืœื”.
02:36
I just thought that was amazing,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
02:38
and I've been enamored with math ever since.
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ื•ื”ื•ืงืกืžืชื™ ืžืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื–.
02:41
So, this is kind of old mathematics.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื™ืฉื ื”.
02:42
Mathematics that's been known and, you know,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:44
developed by the old dead Greek guys.
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ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื™ื.
02:47
And there's a myth out there that all the interesting
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
02:49
mathematics has already been figured out,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”,
02:51
in fact all of mathematics has been figured out.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ื‘ื ื”.
02:54
But the real story is that new mathematics
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:56
is being created all the time.
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ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
02:58
And some of it is being created at Pixar.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ.
03:00
So, I'd like to give you an example of that.
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
03:02
So, here are some characters
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
03:04
from some of our early films:
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ืžื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•:
03:05
Finding Nemo, Monsters Inc. and Toy Story 2.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื ื™ืžื•, ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื‘ืข"ืž ื•ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ 2.
03:10
Anybody know who the blue character in the upper left is?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ?
03:13
It's Dory. Okay, that was easy.
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ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจื™. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
03:15
Here's a little harder one.
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
03:16
Anybody know who's the character in the lower right?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ?
03:19
Al McWhiggin from Al's Toy Barn, exactly.
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ืืœ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
03:22
The thing to notice about these characters
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
03:24
is they're really complicated.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:25
Those shapes are really complicated.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:27
In fact, the toy cleaner, I have an example,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื ืงื” ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:31
the toy cleaner there in the middle,
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ืžื ืงื” ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
03:34
here's his hand.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.
03:35
You can imagine how fun it was to bring this
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”
03:37
through airport security.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
03:40
His hand is a really complicated shape.
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ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
03:42
It's not just a bunch of spheres and cylinders stuck together, right?
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืœื ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
03:45
And not only is it complicated,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช,
03:47
but it has to move in complicated ways.
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช.
03:49
So, I'd like to tell you how we do that,
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ืื–, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:51
and to do that I need to tell you about midpoints.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžืฆืข.
03:53
So, here's a couple of points, A and B,
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, A ื• B,
03:55
and the line segment between them.
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ื•ื”ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
03:57
We're going to start out first in two dimensions.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
03:59
The midpoint, M, is the point
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข, M, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”
04:01
that splits that line segment in the middle, right?
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ืฉืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
04:03
So, that's the geometry.
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ืื–, ื–ื• ื”ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
04:05
To make equations and numbers,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
04:06
we again introduce a coordinate system,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช,
04:08
and if we know the coordinates of A and B,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ A ื• B,
04:10
we can easily compute the coordinates of M
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ M
04:12
just by averaging.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
04:13
You now know enough to work at Pixar.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ.
04:16
Let me show you.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
04:17
So, I'm going to do something slightly terrifying
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืคื—ื™ื“
04:19
and move to a live demo here.
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ื•ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื” ืœื“ืžื• ื—ื™.
04:22
So, what I have is a four-point polygon here,
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื” ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
04:25
and it's going to be my job
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
04:27
to make a smooth curve out of this thing.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืงื•ืžื” ื—ืœืงื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:29
And I'm going to do it just using the idea of midpoints.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžืฆืข.
04:31
So, the first thing I'm going to do
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ืื–, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืืขืฉื”
04:32
is an operation I'll call split,
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ื–ื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ,
04:34
which adds midpoints to all those edges.
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ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžืฆืข ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
04:37
So, I went from four points to eight points,
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ืื–, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืืจื‘ืข ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”,
04:39
but it's no smoother.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:40
I'm going to make it a little bit smoother
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืง
04:41
by moving all of these points from where they are now
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
04:44
to the midpoint of their clockwise neighbor.
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ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ.
04:47
So, let me animate that for you.
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ืื–, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
04:49
I'm going to call that the averaging step.
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ืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ืข.
04:51
So, now I've got eight points,
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,
04:52
they're a little bit smoother,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื•ืช,
04:53
my job is to make a smooth curve,
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืงื•ืžื” ื—ืœืงื”,
04:55
so what do I do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื”?
04:56
Do it again. Split and average.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘. ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
04:59
So, now I've got sixteen points.
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
05:00
I'm going to put those two steps,
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ืื ื™ ืืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:02
split and average, together into something
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ืืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆื•ืข, ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื”ื•
05:04
I'll call subdivide,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืืงืจื ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
05:05
which just means split and then average.
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ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฆื•ืข.
05:07
So, now I've got 32 points.
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ืื–, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื™ 32 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
05:09
If that's not smooth enough, I'll do more.
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืขื•ื“.
05:10
I'll get 64 points.
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ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืœ 64 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช.
05:12
Do you see a smooth curve appearing here from
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืงื•ืžื” ื—ืœืงื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”
05:13
those original points?
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ืžื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
05:15
And that's how we create the shapes
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
05:17
of our charcters.
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ืžื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:19
But remember, I said a moment ago
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจื•, ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข
05:20
it's not enough just to know the static shape,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืจืง ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช,
05:23
the fixed shape.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
05:24
We need to animate it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื ืคื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:25
And to animate these curves,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืคื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:27
the cool thing about subdivision.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช.
05:28
Did you see the aliens in Toy Story?
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ื”ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?
05:31
You know that sound they make,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
05:32
"Ooh"? Ready?
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"ืื•ื”ื”"? ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื?
05:34
So, the way we animate these curves
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ืื–, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืคื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
05:36
is simply by animating the original four points.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:41
"Ooh."
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"ืื•ื”ื”."
05:43
Alright, I think that's pretty cool,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
05:46
and if you don't, the door is there,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืœื, ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉื,
05:49
it doesn't get any better than that, so.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”, ืื–.
05:52
This idea of splitting and averaging
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ืžื™ืฆื•ืข
05:54
also holds for surfaces.
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื.
05:56
So, I'll split, and I'll average.
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ืืคืฆืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืฆืข.
06:00
I'll split, and I'll average.
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ืื ื™ ืืคืฆืœ, ืื ื™ ืืžืฆืข.
06:02
Put those together into subdivide,
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ืืช ืืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:03
and this how we actually create the shapes
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช
06:05
of all of our surface characters in three dimensions.
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ื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
06:09
So, this idea of subdivision
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ืื–, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช
06:10
was first used in a short film in 1997
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ 1997
06:13
called Geri's Game.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™.
06:14
And Geri actually made a cameo apperance
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ื•ื’ืจื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื–ื›ื•ืจื”
06:16
in Toy Story 2 as the toy cleaner.
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ื‘ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืžื ืงื” ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื.
06:19
Each of his hands
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื•
06:20
was the first time we ever used subdivision.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช.
06:22
So, each hand was a subdivision surface,
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ืื–, ื›ืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:24
his face was a subdivision surface,
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ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:26
so was his jacket.
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื’'ืงื˜ ืฉืœื•.
06:27
Here's Geri's hand before subdivision,
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:29
and here's Geri's hand after subdivision,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ืจื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:32
so subdivision just goes in and smooths out
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ืื– ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื›ื ืกืช ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืงื”
06:34
all those facets,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
06:35
and creates the beautiful surfaces
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื™ื
06:37
that you see on the screen and in the theaters.
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ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข.
06:40
Since that time, we've built all of our characters this way.
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ืžืื–, ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
06:43
So, here's Merida, the lead character from Brave.
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ืžืจื™ื“ื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžื™ืฆื”.
06:46
Her dress was a subdivision surface,
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ื”ืฉืžืœื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื— ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช,
06:48
her hands, her face.
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:49
The faces and hands of all the clansman
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ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜
06:51
were subdivision surfaces.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
06:52
Today we've seen how addition, multiplication,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื›ืคืœ,
06:55
trigonometry and geometry play a roll in our films.
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ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
06:58
Given a little more time,
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ื‘ื”ื ืชืŸ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ,
07:00
I could show you how linear algebra,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืืœื’ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช,
07:01
differential calculus, integral calculus
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ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™
07:04
also play a roll.
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ื’ื ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“.
07:06
The main thing I want you to go away with today is
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืœื›ื• ืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื
07:09
to just remember that all the math that you're learning
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื
07:12
in high school and actually up through sophomore college
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื”
07:15
we use all the time, everyday, at Pixar. Thanks.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืืจ. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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