Will future spacecraft fit in our pockets? - Dhonam Pemba

423,542 views ใƒป 2015-05-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
When you picture a spaceship, you probably think of something like this,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืœืœื™ืช, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”,
00:10
or this, or maybe this.
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ืื• ื–ื•, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•.
00:13
What do they all have in common?
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ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ?
00:15
Among other things, they're huge because they have to carry people, fuel,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ื“ืœืง,
00:19
and all sorts of supplies, scientific instruments,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกืคืงื”, ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื“ืขื™,
00:22
and, in rare cases, planet-killing lasers.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
00:26
But the next real-world generation of spacecraft may be much, much smaller.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:31
We're talking fit-inside-your-pocket tiny.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:35
Imagine sending a swarm of these microspacecraft out into the galaxy.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
00:40
They could explore distant stars and planets
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช
00:43
by carrying sophisticated electronic sensors
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื
00:46
that would measure everything from temperature to cosmic rays.
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ืฉื™ืžื“ื“ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืกืžื™ื•ืช.
00:50
You could deploy thousands of them
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ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ืŸ
00:51
for the cost of a single space shuttle mission,
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ืื—ืช,
00:54
exponentially increasing the amount of data
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
00:57
we could collect about the universe.
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:00
And they're individually expendable,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื”,
01:02
meaning that we could send them into environments
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
01:04
that are too risky for a billion dollar rocket or probe.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ืœื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:08
Several hundred small spacecraft are already orbiting the Earth,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:13
taking pictures of outer space,
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ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
01:14
and collecting data on things,
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ื•ืื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:16
like the behavior of bacteria in the Earth's atmosphere
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:19
and magnetic signals that could help predict earthquakes.
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ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”.
01:23
But imagine how much more we could learn if they could fly beyond Earth's orbit.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:28
That's exactly what organizations, like NASA, want to do:
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ืืกื, ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช:
01:32
send microspacecraft to scout habitable planets
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ื™ื”
01:36
and describe astronomical phenomena we can't study from Earth.
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ื•ืœืชืืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:41
But something so small can't carry a large engine or tons of fuel,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืœืง,
01:45
so how would such a vessel propel itself?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ?
01:48
For microspacecraft, it turns out, you need micropropulsion.
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ืœืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื• ื”ื ืขื”.
01:53
On really small scales,
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ืŸ,
01:55
some of the familiar rules of physics don't apply,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื ื—ืœื™ื,
01:58
in particular, everyday Newtonian mechanics break down,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืชืคืจืงืช,
02:02
and forces that are normally negligible become powerful.
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ืงื™ื.
02:06
Those forces include surface tension and capillary action,
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืชื— ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื™ืžื™ืช,
02:11
the phenomena that govern other small things.
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:13
Micropropulsion systems can harness these forces to power spacecraft.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืงืจื• ื”ื ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
02:19
One example of how this might work
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืื™ืš ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“
02:21
is called microfluidic electrospray propulsion.
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ื ืงืจืืช ื”ื ืขืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื• ืกืคืจื™ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืคืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช.
02:26
It's a type of ion thruster,
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื—ืฃ ื™ื•ื ื™,
02:28
which means that it shoots out charged particles to generate momentum.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ืžื ื˜.
02:32
One model being developed at NASA's jet propulsion laboratory
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ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื ืขืช ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืืกื
02:36
is only a couple centimeters on each side.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:39
Here's how it works.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
02:40
That postage-stamp sized metal plate is studded with a hundred skinny needles
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ื”ืคืœื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืžื—ื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืžืื” ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
02:46
and coated with a metal that has a low melting point, like indium.
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ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื.
02:50
A metal grid sits above the needles,
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ื’ืจื™ื“ ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช,
02:53
and an electric field is set up between the grid and the plate.
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ื•ืฉื“ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ืœืคืœื˜ื”.
02:57
When the plate is heated, the indium melts
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื˜ื” ืžืชื—ืžืžืช, ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื ืžืก
03:00
and capillary action draws the liquid metal up the needles.
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ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืš ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช.
03:04
The electric field tugs the molten metal upwards,
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ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื›ืช ืœืžืขืœื”,
03:08
while surface tension pulls it back,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืชื— ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื”,
03:10
causing the indium to deform into a cone.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืช ืœื—ืจื•ื˜.
03:14
The small radius of the tips of the needles
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืช
03:16
makes it possible for the electric field to overcome the surface tension,
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชื— ื”ืคื ื™ื,
03:21
and when that happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
03:22
positively charged ions shoot off at speeds of tens of kilometers per second.
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ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
03:28
That stream of ions propels the spacecraft in the opposite direction,
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ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
03:33
thanks to Newton's third law.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:35
And while each ion is an extremely small particle,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืžืžืฉ ื–ืขื™ืจ,
03:38
the combined force of so many of them pushing away from the craft
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช
03:42
is enough to generate significant acceleration.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื•ืฆื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื”.
03:46
And unlike the exhaust that pours out of a rocket engine,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื’ื–ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืžืžื ื•ืขื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื,
03:49
this stream is much smaller and far more fuel efficient,
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ื”ื–ืจื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช,
03:53
which makes it better suited for long deep-space missions.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืชืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืกืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
03:57
These micropropulsion systems haven't been fully tested yet,
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื• ื”ื ืขื” ื”ืืœื• ืœื ื ื•ืกื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
04:01
but some scientists think that they will provide enough thrust
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืกืคืงื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ื—ืฃ
04:04
to break small craft out of Earth's orbit.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:07
In fact, they're predicting that thousands of microspacecraft
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืืœืคื™ ืžื™ืงืจื• ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช
04:11
will be launched in the next ten years
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ื™ืฉื•ื’ืจื• ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
04:14
to gather data that today we can only dream about.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœื™ื•.
04:18
And that is micro-rocket science.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ืงืจื• ืžื“ืข ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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