Debunking the myth of the Lost Cause: A lie embedded in American history - Karen L. Cox

2,526,662 views

2021-02-25 ใƒป TED-Ed


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Debunking the myth of the Lost Cause: A lie embedded in American history - Karen L. Cox

2,526,662 views ใƒป 2021-02-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
Between 1860 and 1861, 11 southern states withdrew from the United States
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1860 ืœ-1861, 11 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื• ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
00:12
and formed the Confederate States of America.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:16
They left, or seceded, in response to the growing movement
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ื”ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ื•, ืื• ื”ืชื ืชืงื•, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื”
00:19
for the nationwide abolition of slavery.
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ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
00:22
Mississippi said,
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ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ืืžืจื”,
00:23
โ€œour position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery.โ€
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โ€œื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชโ€.
00:27
South Carolina cited โ€œhostility on the part of the non-slaveholding states
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ื“ืจื•ื ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืจื” โ€œืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
00:31
to the institution of slavery.โ€
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืชโ€.
00:33
In March 1861, the Vice President of the Confederacy, Alexander Stevens,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1861, ืกื’ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”, ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ื ืก,
00:39
proclaimed that the cornerstone of the new Confederate government
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ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
00:42
was white supremacy, or as he put it,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
00:44
โ€œslaveryโ€ and โ€œsubordinationโ€ to white people
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โ€œืขื‘ื“ื•ืชโ€ ื•โ€œืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“โ€ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
00:47
was the โ€œnatural and normal conditionโ€ of Black people in America
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” โ€œืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื ื•ืจืžืœื™โ€ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:50
and the โ€œimmediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution.โ€
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ื•ื”โ€œื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช.โ€
00:55
Three weeks after the now-infamous Cornerstone Speech,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื ืื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”,
00:57
the American Civil War began.
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื”.
00:59
The conflict lasted four years, had a death toll of about 750,000,
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ 750,000 ืื™ืฉ,
01:04
and ended with the Confederacyโ€™s defeat.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
01:07
By 1866, barely a year after the war ended,
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ืขื“ 1866, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ืžื”,
01:11
southern sources began claiming the conflict wasnโ€™t actually about slavery.
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœื ื ื’ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:15
Meanwhile, Frederick Douglass,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื“ืื’ืœืก,
01:17
a prominent abolitionist and formerly enslaved person, cautioned,
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ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“, ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ,
01:21
โ€œthe spirit of secession is stronger today than ever.โ€
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โ€œื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ ืคืขืโ€.
01:25
From the words of Confederate leaders,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”,
01:27
the reason for the war could not have been clearerโ€” it was slavery.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
01:31
So how did this revisionist history come about?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฆืฆื”?
01:34
The answer lies in the Lost Causeโ€” a cultural myth about the Confederacy.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” -- ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
01:39
The term was coined by Edward Pollard, a pro-Confederate journalist.
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืคื•ืœืืจื“, ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
01:42
In 1866, he published โ€œThe Lost Cause:
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ื‘-1866, ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช โ€œื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”:
01:46
A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates.โ€
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”โ€.
01:49
Pollard pointed out that the U.S. Constitution gave states
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ืคื•ืœืืจื“ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืงืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื ืชื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
01:52
the right to govern themselves independently in all areas
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื
01:56
except those explicitly designated to the national government.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืœืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฆื™.
01:59
According to him, the Confederacy wasnโ€™t defending slavery,
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ืœืคื™ื•, ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
02:02
it was defending each stateโ€™s right to choose whether or not to allow slavery.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœื.
02:07
This explanation effectively turned white southernersโ€™ documented defense
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
02:10
of slavery and white supremacy into a patriotic defense of the Constitution.
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”.
02:15
The Civil War had devastated the country,
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:17
leaving those who had supported the Confederacy
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืชืžื›ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”
02:20
grasping to justify their actions.
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ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:22
Many pro-Confederate writers, political leaders, and others
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื
02:25
were quick to adopt and spread the narrative of the Lost Cause.
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ืื™ืžืฆื• ื•ื”ืคื™ืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:29
One organization, the United Daughters of the Confederacy,
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”,
02:33
played a key role in transmitting the ideas of the Lost Cause
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ืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:36
to future generations.
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ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
02:38
Founded in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1894,
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืกื“ื• ื‘ื ืืฉื•ื•ื™ืœ ื˜ื ืกื™ ื‘-1894,
02:41
the UDC united thousands of middle and upper class white southern women.
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ื”-UDC ืื™ื—ื“ ืืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:46
The UDC raised thousands of dollars to build monuments to Confederate soldiers.
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ื”-UDC ื’ื™ื™ืก ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื ื“ืจื˜ืื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”.
02:51
These were often unveiled with large public ceremonies,
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ืืœื” ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื,
02:53
and given prominent placements, especially on courthouse lawns.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜.
02:57
The Daughters also placed Confederate portraits in public schools.
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
03:01
They monitored textbooks to minimize the horrors of slavery,
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ื”ื ื ื™ื˜ืจื• ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
03:03
and its significance in the Civil War,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
03:06
passing revisionist history and racist ideology down through generations.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
03:11
By 1918, the UDC claimed over 100,000 members.
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ืขื“ 1918, ื”-UDC ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100,000 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
03:15
As their numbers grew, they increased their influence outside the South.
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ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืจื•ื.
03:20
Presidents William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson
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ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื˜ืืคื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ
03:23
both met with UDC members and enabled them to memorialize
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ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช UDC ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื—
03:26
the Confederacy in Arlington National Cemetery.
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ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
03:29
The UDC still exists and defends Confederate symbols
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ื”-UDC ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื“ืจืฆื™ื”
03:32
as part of a noble heritage of sacrifice by their ancestors.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืกื•ืจืช ื ืืฆืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
03:36
Despite the wealth of primary sources
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื
03:37
showing that slavery was the root cause of the Civil War,
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ืฉื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
03:40
the myth about statesโ€™ rights persists today.
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:43
In the aftermath of the war,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
03:45
Frederick Douglass and his abolitionist contemporaries
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ืคืจื“ืจื™ืง ื“ืื’ืœืก ื•ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•
03:48
feared this erasure of slavery from the history of the Civil War
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ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
03:52
could contribute to the governmentโ€™s failure
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ืชืชืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
03:54
to protect the rights of Black Americansโ€”
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ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื --
03:56
a fear that has repeatedly been proven valid.
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ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:59
In an 1871 address at Arlington Cemetery, Douglass said:
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ื‘ื ืื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘-1871, ืืžืจ ื“ืื’ืœืก:
04:03
โ€œWe are sometimes asked in the name of patriotism
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โ€œืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:06
to forget the merits of this fearful struggle,
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ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:09
and to remember with equal admiration those who struck at the nationโ€™s life,
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ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”,
04:13
and those who struck to save itโ€”
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ื•ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” --
04:15
those who fought for slavery and those who fought for liberty and justice. [...]
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ืืœื• ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืœื• ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ืœื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืฆื“ืง.
04:19
if this war is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred,
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ืื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื™ืฉื›ื—, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
04:24
what shall men remember?โ€
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ืžื” ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื?โ€
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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