Can you solve the Ragnarok riddle? - Dan Finkel

5,085,171 views ใƒป 2020-06-30

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Ragnarok. The fabled end of the world,
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ืจื’ื ืืจื•ืง, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
00:09
when giants, monsters, and Norse gods battle for the future.
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ืฉื ืขื ืงื™ื, ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช, ื•ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
00:14
The gods were winning handily until the great serpent Jรถrmungandr emerged.
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ื”ืืœื™ื ื ืฆื—ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืจืžื•ื ื’ื ื“ืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
00:19
It swallowed Valhalla, contorted itself across the land,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื•ื•ืœืื”ืœื”, ืคื™ืชืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:23
and then merged into one continuous body with no head and no tail.
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ื•ืื– ืื™ื—ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืื• ื–ื ื‘.
00:29
As it begins to digest Valhalla,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื›ืœ ืืช ื•ื•ืœืื”ืœื”,
00:32
an exhausted Odin explains that he has just enough power to strike the creature
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ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ
00:37
with one final bolt of lightning.
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ืขื ืžื›ืช ื‘ืจืง ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:40
If you magnify his blast with your fabled hammer, Mjรถlnir,
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ืื ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืขื ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ืžื•ื™ื™ืœื ื™ืจ,
00:44
it should pierce the massive serpent.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™.
00:47
Youโ€™ll run with super-speed along the serpentโ€™s body.
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ืืชื ืชืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื—ืฉ.
00:50
When you hold your hammer high, Odin will strike it with lightning
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืจืง
00:54
and split Jรถrmungandr open at that point.
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ื•ื™ืคืฆื— ืืช ื™ื•ืจืžื•ื ื’ื ื“ืจ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:57
Then, youโ€™ll need to continue running along its body
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ืื–, ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื•
01:00
until every part of it is destroyed.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฉืžื“.
01:03
You canโ€™t run over the same section twice
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื•ืฅ ืœืื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืข ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
01:06
or youโ€™ll fall into the already blasted part of the snake.
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ืื• ืฉืชื™ืคืœื• ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืคื™ืฆืฆืชื.
01:09
But you can make multiple passes through points where the creature
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:13
intersects its own body.
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ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•.
01:15
If you leave any portion un-zapped, Jรถrmungandr will magically regenerate,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ืœื ืคื’ื•ืข, ื™ื•ืจืžื•ื ื’ื ื“ืจ ื™ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืกื•ื,
01:20
Odinโ€™s last power will be spent, and Valhalla will fall forever.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืžื•ืฆื”, ื•ื•ื•ืœืื”ืœื” ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ืฆื—.
01:25
What path can you take to destroy the serpent?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืชื™ืงื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื ื—ืฉ?
01:29
Pause now to figure it out yourself!
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ืขืฆืจื• ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื!
01:31
Answer in 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 3
01:32
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01:34
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01:36
One powerful way to solve problems is to simplify.
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ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืงื” ืื—ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืคืฉื˜.
01:40
And in this case, we can focus our attention on the two things
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
01:44
that are important for our path:
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื•:
01:46
intersections and the stretches of snake between them.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
01:50
Or, as theyโ€™re referred to in graph theory, nodes and edges.
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ืื•, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื, ืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
01:55
The edges are important because theyโ€™re what we need to travel.
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ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
01:59
And the nodes matter because they connect the edges,
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ื•ื”ืฆืžืชื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช,
02:02
and are where we may need to make choices as we run from edge to edge.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
02:07
This simplification into nodes and edges leaves us
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ื”ื”ืคืฉื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืฆืžืชื™ื ื•ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื•
02:11
with a ubiquitous and important mathematical object known as a graph,
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ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืจื‘ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ืจืฃ,
02:16
or network.
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ืื• ืจืฉืช.
02:17
We just need to figure out how to travel what mathematicians call an Eulerian path,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™,
02:23
which traces every edge exactly once.
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ืฉืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืงืฆื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
02:27
Instead of looking at the path as a whole, letโ€™s zoom in on a single node.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช.
02:32
During some moment in your run, youโ€™ll enter that node, and then exit it.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืืชื ืชื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืื– ืชืฆืื• ืžืžื ื”.
02:37
That takes care of two edges.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
02:39
If you enter again, youโ€™ll need to exit again too,
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ืื ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื‘, ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืฆืืช ืฉื•ื‘,
02:43
which requires another pair of edges.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื•ื’ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช.
02:46
So every point along your path will have edges that come in pairs.
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ืื– ืœื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช.
02:51
One edge in each pair will function as entrance; the other as exit.
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ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื™ืชืคืงื“ ื›ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื™ืื”.
02:56
And that means that the number of edges coming out of every node must be even.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื™.
03:02
There are just two exceptions: the start and end points,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืจื’ื•ืช: ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ื,
03:06
where you can exit without entering, or vice versa.
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ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื ืก, ืื• ืœื”ืคืš.
03:10
If we look at the network formed by the serpent again,
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ืื ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘,
03:13
and number how many edges emerge from each node,
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ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžื” ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฆื•ืžืช,
03:16
a pattern jumps out that fits what we just saw.
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ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื•ืคืฆืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
03:20
Every node has an even number of edges emerging from it, except two.
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ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืžืช ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื.
03:25
So one of these must be the start of your route, and the other the end.
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ืื– ืื—ืช ืžืืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื, ื•ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
03:30
Interestingly enough, any connected network that has exactly 2 nodes
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืœ ืจืฉืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืชื™ ืฆืžืชื™ื
03:35
with an odd number of edges will also contain an Eulerian path.
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ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืชื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื•ื™ื™ืœืจื™.
03:40
The same is true if there are no nodes with an odd number of edgesโ€”
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืžืชื™ื ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช --
03:44
in that case the path starts and ends in the same spot.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
03:49
So knowing that, letโ€™s return to our full graph.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžืœื.
03:52
We can begin by taking care of this edge here.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื–ื” ืคื”.
03:55
Now we can zig-zag back and forth across the whole snake
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื’ื–ื’ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉ
03:59
until we reach the end.
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ืขื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืฆื”.
04:01
And that's just one solutionโ€” it helps to be systematic,
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ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ -- ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื™ื,
04:05
but youโ€™re likely to happen upon many others
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ื’ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ื
04:07
once you know where to begin and end your run.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืคื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื.
04:11
You hold your hammer high at the opportune moment,
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ืืชื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืชืื™ื,
04:14
and Odin sends the world-saving surge of lightning at you.
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ื•ืื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจืง ืžืฆื™ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืœื™ื›ื.
04:18
Then you run like youโ€™ve never run before.
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ืื– ืืชื ืจืฆื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ืจืฆืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:21
If you can pull this off, surely nothing could stop the might of the Norse Gods.
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ืื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
04:26
And if something like that were out there, slouching its way towards youโ€ฆ
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ื•ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื›ื....
04:30
well, that would be a story for another day.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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