Can you solve the Ragnarok riddle? - Dan Finkel

4,970,805 views ใƒป 2020-06-30

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๊ฒ€ํ† : Yujin Son
00:06
Ragnarok. The fabled end of the world,
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๋ผ๊ทธ๋‚˜๋กœํฌ๋Š” ์‹ ํ™”์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ข…๋ง์˜ ๋‚ ๋กœ,
00:09
when giants, monsters, and Norse gods battle for the future.
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๊ฑฐ์ธ, ๊ดด๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‚ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:14
The gods were winning handily until the great serpent Jรถrmungandr emerged.
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์‹ ๋“ค์€ ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฑ€ ์š”๋ฅด๋ฌธ๊ฐ„๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”์š”.
00:19
It swallowed Valhalla, contorted itself across the land,
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๋ฑ€์€ ๋ฐœํ• ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ผํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋ชธ์„ ๋’คํ‹€์–ด ๋•…์„ ์ผ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋œจ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
and then merged into one continuous body with no head and no tail.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
As it begins to digest Valhalla,
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๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐœํ• ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์†Œํ™” ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•˜์ž,
00:32
an exhausted Odin explains that he has just enough power to strike the creature
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์ง€์นœ ์˜ค๋”˜์€ ์ด ๊ดด๋ฌผ์„ ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์น˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํž˜์ด ๋‚จ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
with one final bolt of lightning.
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๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ณ์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:40
If you magnify his blast with your fabled hammer, Mjรถlnir,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ „์„ค์˜ ๋ง์น˜ ๋ฌ ๋‹ˆ๋ฅด๋กœ ํž˜์„ ์‹ค์–ด์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:44
it should pierce the massive serpent.
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์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฑ€์„ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
Youโ€™ll run with super-speed along the serpentโ€™s body.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฑ€์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—„์ฒญ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์งˆ์ฃผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
When you hold your hammer high, Odin will strike it with lightning
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๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ์˜ค๋”˜์ด ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ณ์„œ
00:54
and split Jรถrmungandr open at that point.
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์š”๋ฅด๋ฌธ๊ฐ„๋“œ์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
Then, youโ€™ll need to continue running along its body
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฑ€์˜ ๋ชธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณ„์† ๋›ฐ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
until every part of it is destroyed.
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๋ชธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์งˆ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
01:03
You canโ€™t run over the same section twice
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๋‹จ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋˜ ๊ณณ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
or youโ€™ll fall into the already blasted part of the snake.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ„ฐ์ง„ ๋ฑ€์˜ ๋ชธ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ๋น ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:09
But you can make multiple passes through points where the creature
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชธ์ด ๊ฒน์น˜๋Š” ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์€
01:13
intersects its own body.
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๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์ด๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
If you leave any portion un-zapped, Jรถrmungandr will magically regenerate,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋‚จ์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฑ€์€ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ํ…Œ๊ณ 
01:20
Odinโ€™s last power will be spent, and Valhalla will fall forever.
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์˜ค๋”˜์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ํž˜์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋‚˜, ๋ฐœํ• ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:25
What path can you take to destroy the serpent?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฑ€์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
01:29
Pause now to figure it out yourself!
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[์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.]
01:31
Answer in 3
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[์ •๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ 3์ดˆ]
01:32
2
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[2์ดˆ]
01:34
1
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[1์ดˆ]
01:36
One powerful way to solve problems is to simplify.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
And in this case, we can focus our attention on the two things
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ธธ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
01:44
that are important for our path:
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์†Œ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
intersections and the stretches of snake between them.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ๊ณผ, ๊ต์ฐจ์  ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
Or, as theyโ€™re referred to in graph theory, nodes and edges.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:55
The edges are important because theyโ€™re what we need to travel.
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๊ฐ„์„ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๊ธธ์ด๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
And the nodes matter because they connect the edges,
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์ ์€ ๊ฐ„์„ ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:02
and are where we may need to make choices as we run from edge to edge.
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๊ฐ„์„  ์‚ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์„ ์ง€๋‚ ์ง€ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
This simplification into nodes and edges leaves us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:11
with a ubiquitous and important mathematical object known as a graph,
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๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋„๊ตฌ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„,
02:16
or network.
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ํ˜น์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
We just need to figure out how to travel what mathematicians call an Eulerian path,
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์ˆ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋งŒ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
which traces every edge exactly once.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์ฃ .
02:27
Instead of looking at the path as a whole, letโ€™s zoom in on a single node.
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๊ธธ์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
02:32
During some moment in your run, youโ€™ll enter that node, and then exit it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ, ์ด ์ ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
That takes care of two edges.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:39
If you enter again, youโ€™ll need to exit again too,
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์ ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ
02:43
which requires another pair of edges.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
So every point along your path will have edges that come in pairs.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
One edge in each pair will function as entrance; the other as exit.
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ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž…๊ตฌ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถœ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
And that means that the number of edges coming out of every node must be even.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„์„ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง์ˆ˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:02
There are just two exceptions: the start and end points,
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๋”ฑ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์ž‘์ ๊ณผ ์ข…์ ์ด์ฃ .
03:06
where you can exit without entering, or vice versa.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
If we look at the network formed by the serpent again,
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๋ฑ€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉฐ
03:13
and number how many edges emerge from each node,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์„ธ์–ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:16
a pattern jumps out that fits what we just saw.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Every node has an even number of edges emerging from it, except two.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ ์€ ์ง์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฑ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
03:25
So one of these must be the start of your route, and the other the end.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์ ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ž‘์ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ข…์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
Interestingly enough, any connected network that has exactly 2 nodes
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„, ๋”ฑ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ค‘
03:35
with an odd number of edges will also contain an Eulerian path.
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๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ํ™€์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๋ถ€ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
The same is true if there are no nodes with an odd number of edgesโ€”
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๊ฐ„์„ ์ด ํ™€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์˜ค์ผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
in that case the path starts and ends in the same spot.
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์‹œ์ž‘์ ๊ณผ ์ข…์ ์ด ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ์š”.
03:49
So knowing that, letโ€™s return to our full graph.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์ „์ฒด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:52
We can begin by taking care of this edge here.
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์šฐ์„  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:55
Now we can zig-zag back and forth across the whole snake
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฑ€์˜ ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์™”๋‹ค ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:59
until we reach the end.
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์ข…์ ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
And that's just one solutionโ€” it helps to be systematic,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ˆ,
04:05
but youโ€™re likely to happen upon many others
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
once you know where to begin and end your run.
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๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ๊ณผ ์ข…์ ๋งŒ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
04:11
You hold your hammer high at the opportune moment,
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์•Œ๋งž์€ ๋•Œ์— ๋ง์น˜๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
04:14
and Odin sends the world-saving surge of lightning at you.
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์˜ค๋”˜์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
Then you run like youโ€™ve never run before.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ –๋จน๋˜ ํž˜์„ ๋‹คํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
If you can pull this off, surely nothing could stop the might of the Norse Gods.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์•ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰์„ ๊ฑด ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
And if something like that were out there, slouching its way towards youโ€ฆ
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ดด๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด...
04:30
well, that would be a story for another day.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ๊ทธ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ฃน์‹œ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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