How do oysters make pearls? - Rob Ulrich

1,405,870 views ใƒป 2022-11-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
While most people wouldnโ€™t consider the crusty exterior of an oyster
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื”
00:10
to be particularly beautiful,
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ื›ืืœ ื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
00:12
opening up this craggy case might reveal an exquisite jewel nestled within.
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ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืงื•ืคืกื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืœืขืช ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ืžืขื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
00:18
Yet, despite their iridescent colors and smooth shapes,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช,
00:22
pearls are actually made of the exact same material
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ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
00:26
as the shell that surrounds them.
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ืžืžื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ืžืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื.
00:28
Pearls, urchin spines, the shells of mussels, snails and clams, even coralโ€”
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ืคื ื™ื ื™ื, ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื, ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœื™ื ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื -
ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืช:
00:34
all these structures are made out of the same chemical compound:
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00:38
calcium carbonate.
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ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™.
00:40
So, how does this single ingredient form such a vast array of materials?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื?
00:47
Calcium carbonate, or CaCO3, is common on land,
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ืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžืชื™, ืื• CaCO3, ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
00:51
and even more bountiful in the sea.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืคืข ื‘ื™ื.
00:54
The Earthโ€™s crust is rich in calcium,
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ืงืจื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ,
00:57
and over millennia these deposits have seeped into rivers and oceans.
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ืœื—ืœื• ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
01:02
This is especially true near hydrothermal vents,
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืคืชื—ื™ ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื,
01:05
where hot seawater mingles with calcium rich basalts.
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžื™ ื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื–ืœื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ืŸ.
01:10
Meanwhile, when carbon dioxide in the air interacts with seawater
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ ื™ื
01:14
it eventually produces dissolved carbonate.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜ ืžื•ืžืก.
01:17
Every year, the ocean absorbs roughly one third of our carbon dioxide emissions,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืกื•ืคื’ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• -ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:23
adding huge quantities of carbonate into the water.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜ ืœืžื™ื.
01:27
Itโ€™s no surprise that sea creatures have made use of these abundant compounds,
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:32
but the way calcium and carbonate are woven together into various shapes
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜ ื ืืจื’ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:37
is surprisingly artful.
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ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
01:39
Letโ€™s return to the humble oyster.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆื“ืคื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื”.
01:42
Like many aquatic mollusks, oysters start life as exposed larvae,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื–ื—ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื,
01:47
and quickly get to work building a protective shell.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžื’ืŸ.
01:51
First, an organ called the mantle secretes an organic matrix
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื™ืฆื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช
01:54
of proteins and other molecules to construct a scaffold.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื’ื•ื.
01:58
Then, the oyster filters the seawater,
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ื•ืื–, ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ืžืกื ื ืช ืืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื,
02:01
drawing out calcium and carbonate to combine them into its building material.
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”.
02:06
It lays this material over the scaffold,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื,
02:09
which is covered in charged proteins that attract and guide
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ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื
02:12
the calcium carbonate molecules into layers.
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ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืžืชื™ ืœืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช.
02:16
The specific arrangement of these protein scaffolds depends on the mollusk species
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ื”ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช
02:20
and their environment,
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ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:22
accounting for their vast diversity of shell shapes, sizes, and colors.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื
02:28
Mollusks carefully control all components of their calcium carbonate creationsโ€”
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืคื—ืžืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื-
02:33
even manipulating CaCO3 at the molecular level.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ CaCO3 ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:38
Using special proteins,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื,
02:39
mollusks can produce two crystal structures out of CaCO3:
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ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืž-CaCO3:
02:44
calcite and aragonite.
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ืงืœืฆื™ื˜ ื•ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜.
02:47
Both of these compounds have the same chemical composition,
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ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื›ื™ืžื™,
02:50
but different qualities due to the way their crystal lattices are arranged.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืกืจื™ื’ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื.
02:55
Calcite is the more stable of the two and less prone to dissolving over time,
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ืงืœืฆื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ,
03:00
so most mollusk shells have a sturdy outer layer of calcite.
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ืื– ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืฆื™ื˜.
03:04
As the slightly more soluble molecule,
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ื›ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืกื”,
03:07
aragonite can better adapt to more or less acidic environments.
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ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:11
So most mollusk shells have an interior layer of aragonite
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ืื– ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜
03:15
to maintain their internal pH level.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”-pH ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:18
But one form of aragonite is stronger and more versatile than the rest:
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืืจ:
03:23
nacre.
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ื”ืฆื“ืฃ,
03:25
Mollusks make this special material by placing successive layers of aragonite
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ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜
03:30
interspersed with proteins.
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ืžืฉื•ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
03:32
These layers are stacked like hexagonal bricks,
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ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื•ืขืจืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื,
03:35
each surrounded by other organic material that directs their orientation.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื•ืงืคืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:41
The uniform layering and brick-like structure of nacre
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืฃ
03:44
is key to its signature iridescence.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
03:47
The layers are similar in thickness to the wavelength of visible light,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืจืื”,
03:51
so the light reflecting from its interior surface
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ื›ืš ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•
03:54
interferes with the light reflecting from the outer surface.
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ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
03:59
When particles of light strike the nacre,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื•ืจ ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืฃ,
04:01
they bounce around its multilayered crystalline structure
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ื”ื ืžืงืคืฆื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ ืจื‘ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
04:05
in a cascade of shifting rainbows.
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ื‘ืžืคืœ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
04:08
But nacre isnโ€™t just prettyโ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื“ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื™ืคื” - ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
04:10
itโ€™s one of the strongest and lightest biomaterials we know of.
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ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
04:15
And it's not just oysters that produce it.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
04:17
In fact, numerous mollusk species deploy nacre
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกื™ื ืฆื“ืฃ
04:21
as one of their primary defense mechanisms.
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ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:24
If an intruding parasite or even a stray particle of sand irritates the mantle,
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ืื ื˜ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืœืฉ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื•ืœ ืชื•ืขื” ืžื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช
04:29
the mollusk will coat the offender in nacre-producing cells
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ืชื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ ืฆื“ืฃ
04:33
to form whatโ€™s known as a pearl sac.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืง ืคื ื™ื ื™ื.
04:37
These cells wrap the threat in layers of proteins and aragonite
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืจืื’ื•ื ื™ื˜
04:41
until eventually the cocoon completely absorbs the invaderโ€”
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื ืกื•ืคื’ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืฉ-
04:46
dissolving the threat into an opalescent sphere of nacre.
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ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืฃ.
04:51
This defense mechanism is our leading theory for mollusks making pearls;
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ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ;
04:56
transforming everyday intruders into timeless treasures.
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ืฉืžืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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