This weird trick will help you summon an army of worms - Kenny Coogan

1,271,631 views ใƒป 2022-07-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
In the middle of Floridaโ€™s Apalachicola National Forest,
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื™ืขืจ ืืคืœืฆโ€™ื™ืงื•ืœื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
00:11
a bizarre, almost magical scene is unraveling.
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ืžื—ื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืกื•ื, ืžืชื’ืœื”.
00:15
Sliding a metal strip over a wooden stake,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ืง ืคืก ืžืชื›ืช ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ ืขืฅ,
00:18
a master summoner is sending deep croaking noises reverberating through the area.
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ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื˜ืจ ืฉื•ืœื— ืงื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
00:23
And, as if in a trance,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ืจืื ืก,
00:26
hundreds of earthworms begin emerging from the soil.
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ืžืื•ืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื“ืžื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืฅ ืžื”ืงืจืงืข.
00:30
This is worm grunting, also called worm charming or fiddling.
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ื–ื” ื–ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ื ื”ืงืกืžืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืื• ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ.
00:34
Itโ€™s a tradition thatโ€™s been practiced for more than a century,
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ื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”,
00:37
but its inner workings were a mystery until only recently.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:42
Worms collectively undertaking an underground exodus
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืข ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ ื™ื—ื“
00:45
seems especially unbelievable when you consider how vulnerable this makes them.
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ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชืŸ.
00:50
So why is surfacing worth the risk?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:54
Over the years, people have proposed a number of imaginative hypotheses.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
00:59
One was that worms were somehow charmed by the noise,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืงืกืžื• ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœ,
01:02
like the rats from the medieval Pied Piper legend.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืื’ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืœืŸ ืžื”ืžืœื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:05
Okay, sounds fun, but how would the worms actually become bewitched?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื ืฉืžืข ื›ื™ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื™ื•ืงืกืžื• ืœืžืขืฉื”?
01:11
Another hypothesis was that worm grunting tickled their bodies,
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื“ื’ื“ื’ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคืŸ,
01:15
so they emerged to end the aggravation.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืจื“ื”.
01:18
Whimsical!
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ืฉื•ื‘ื‘!
01:20
But worm grunting vibrates the groundโ€™s surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”.
01:23
If worms were evading the vibrations, wouldn't they burrow deeper instead?
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ืื ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื—ืžืงื•ืช ืžื”ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืคืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื?
01:28
Perhaps the most popular hypothesis was that worm grunting mimicked falling rain
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื—ื™ืงืชื” ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื
01:33
and the worms fled to avoid drowning.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืขื”.
01:36
In 2008, biologist Kenneth Catania tested this hypothesis,
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ื‘ 2008, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืงื ืชโ€ฒ ืงื˜ื ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”,
01:40
setting up three arenas filled with soil
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ื•ื”ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืื“ืžื”
01:42
and 300 individuals of the large species of earthworm
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ื•-300 ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžืžื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื“ืžื”
01:45
found in the Florida Panhandle.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ โ€œื”ื™ื“ื™ืชโ€ ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
01:47
After an hour of rain, water had pooled at the surface,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืฉื, ืžื™ื ื ืงื•ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:51
but only two earthworms emerged.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืฆืฆื•.
01:53
The rest remained buried and healthy.
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ืงื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
01:56
So, unlike those containers, this hypothesis just didnโ€™t hold water.
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ืื–, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื›ืœื™ื, ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื.
02:02
Catania decided to explore another route of inquiry.
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
02:05
In 1881, Charles Darwin published his final work,
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ื‘-1881, ืฆโ€™ืืจืœืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
02:09
a bestseller that rivaled his most well-known books at the time:
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ืจื‘ ืžื›ืจ ืฉืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ:
02:13
โ€œThe Formation of Vegetable Mould, Through the Action of Worms,
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โ€œื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
02:17
with Observations on their Habits.โ€
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ืขื ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸโ€.
02:20
Yes, it was literally called thatโ€”
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ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ืงืจื ื›ื›ื” --
02:22
and it was the culmination of 40 years of earthworm investigations.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ 40 ืฉื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืงืจืงืข.
02:26
Within it, Darwin noted that worms sometimes left their burrows
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ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:30
when the ground trembled and mentioned an interesting hypothesis:
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ื›ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืจื•ืขื“ืช ื•ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช:
02:34
maybe they flee because they believe theyโ€™re being pursued by moles.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื.
02:39
Catania got to work testing this hypothesis himself.
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ืงื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืฆื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
02:43
He found that Eastern moles had astounding tracking abilities,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืœื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
02:47
could eat their weight in worms every day,
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ื•ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืงืœ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
02:49
and were abundant in the Florida Panhandle.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
02:52
When Catania released a single mole into worm- and soil-filled arenas,
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ื›ืฉืงื˜ื ื™ื” ืฉื—ืจืจ ื—ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
02:57
about 30% of the worms crawled to the surface in the first hourโ€”
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ื‘ืขืจืš 30% ืžื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื–ื—ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --
03:01
a markedly different result from the control and rain trials.
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ื•ื”ื’ืฉื.
03:06
And when he recorded the vibrations produced
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช
03:08
by worm grunters and moles digging,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื–ืžื ื™ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื•ื—ืคื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื,
03:10
their frequencies overlapped substantially.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืคืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:13
This was it.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
03:15
Over hundreds of thousands of years,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:17
these earthworms evolved a behavior that helped them escape a top predator.
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
03:22
Aboveground, they were immune to the moles,
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื™ื,
03:24
which usually stayed subterranean.
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืฉืืจื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
03:26
But then humans came along.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
03:29
And, funnily enough, we arenโ€™t even the only ones
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
03:32
that take advantage of this behavior.
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ืฉืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
03:34
Herring gulls and wood turtles also sometimes drum their feet on the earth
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ืฉื—ืคื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฅ ื’ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืคืคื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”
03:38
to summon worms.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
03:39
So then why does this behavior persist?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”?
03:42
Scientists think itโ€™s beneficial for a prey species
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื˜ืจืคื™ื
03:45
to maintain its adaptations against a more frequent predator,
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:48
even if it makes it more vulnerable to a rarer one.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:52
Many insects, for example, use flight to avoid predation.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื”.
03:56
But painted redstarts take advantage of this:
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”:
03:59
they boldly flash their colorful tail and wing feathers to elicit this response,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ืืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
04:03
then catch the insects as they try to fly away.
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ื•ืื– ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืจืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื‘ืชืขื•ืคื”.
04:07
It seems the prey speciesโ€™ response remains
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช
04:10
simply because itโ€™s beneficial most of the time.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:13
For over a century, humans in the southern US, the UK, and elsewhere
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
04:17
have been unknowingly exploiting the wormโ€™s escape response.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื.
04:22
The current world record for โ€œmost worms charmedโ€
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ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืœโ€œื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืžื•ืงืกืžื•ืชโ€
04:25
was set by a 10-year-old British girl in 2009.
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ื”ื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 10 ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘-2009.
04:28
Wiggling a fork in the ground and hitting it with a stick,
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ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื–ืœื’ ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ื›ืืชื• ื‘ืžืงืœ,
04:31
she made 567 worms surface in just 30 minutes.
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœ-567 ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืชื•ืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:37
Charming, really.
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ืžืงืกื™ื, ื‘ืืžืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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