What happens when continents collide? - Juan D. Carrillo

1,829,908 views ใƒป 2015-08-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:06
Tens of millions of years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื”,
00:09
a force of nature set two giant masses on an unavoidable collision course
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ื›ื•ื— ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฉืชื™ ืžืืกื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข
00:15
that would change the face of the Earth
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:18
and spell life or death for thousands of species.
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ื•ื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื.
00:22
The force of nature was plate tectonics,
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ื›ื•ื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงืช ืœื•ื—ื•ืช,
00:25
and the bodies were North and South America.
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:29
And even though they were hurdling towards each other
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื”ืจื• ืื—ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
00:31
at an underwhelming 2.5 cm per year,
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืœ 2.5 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:35
their collision actually did have massive biological reprocussions
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ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:39
by causing one of the greatest episodes of biological migration in Earth's history:
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืื—ืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
00:46
The Great American Biotic Interchange.
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ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
00:49
Our story begins 65 million years ago, the beginning of the age of mammals,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
00:54
when what is now North and South America
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื“ืจื•ื ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”
00:57
were continents separated by a marine connection
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™
01:00
between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ื•ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
01:03
During this time, South America was the home of fauna
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื
01:07
that included armored glyptodonts as large as compact cars,
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ืฉื›ืœืœ ื’ืœื™ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
01:12
giant ground sloths weighing more than a ton,
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ืขืฆืœื ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืฉืงืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ,
01:15
opossums, monkeys, and carnivorous terror birds.
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ืื•ืคื•ืกื•ืžื™ื, ืงื•ืคื™ื, ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื–ื•ืจืขื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
01:20
North America had its own species,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”,
01:22
such as horses, bears, and saber-toothed cats.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืกื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ ื—ืจื‘.
01:26
Over 20 million years, the shifting of the Farallon and Caribbean Plates
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™
01:30
produced the Central America Volcanic Arc, a peninsula connected to North America,
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืคื ื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจืช ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
01:36
with only a very narrow seaway separating it from South America.
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ืขื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื™ื ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:41
As these plates continued to surf the Earth's magma layer
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:45
far beneath the Pacific Ocean floor,
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ืขืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจืฆืคืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™,
01:47
the Caribbean Plate migrated eastward,
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ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ ื ื“ื“ ืžื–ืจื—ื”,
01:50
and about 15 million years ago,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 15 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
01:52
South America finally collided with this Central American Arc.
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ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
01:57
This gradually closed the water connection between the Pacific and the Caribbean,
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ื–ื” ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืคื™ ืœืงืจื™ื‘ื™,
02:01
creating a land bridge,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื’ืฉืจ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™,
02:02
which connected North America to South America.
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ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:06
Terrestrial organisms could now cross between the two continents,
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
02:10
and from the fossil records,
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ื•ืžืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
02:11
it's evident that different waves of their dispersals took place.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
02:15
Even though plants don't physically move,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
02:18
they are easily dispersed by wind and waves,
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ื”ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื’ืœื™ื,
02:21
so they migrated first, along with a few species of birds.
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ืื– ื”ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
02:25
They were followed by some freshwater fishes
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ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขืงื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื
02:27
and amphibians,
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ื•ื“ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:29
and finally, various mammals began to traverse the bridge.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
02:33
From South America, mammals like ground sloths and glyptodonts
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ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืขื ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขืฆืœื ื™ ืงืจืงืข ื•ื’ืœื™ืคื˜ื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื
02:37
were widly distributed in North America.
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ื”ืชืคืจืฉื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:40
Moreover, many South American tropical mammals,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
02:44
like monkeys and bats, colonized the forests of Central America,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืขื˜ืœืคื™ื, ืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
02:49
and are very abundant today.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:51
South American predator marsupials went extinct 3 million years ago,
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ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ ื›ื™ืก ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”,
02:55
at which point North American predators, such as cats, bears and foxes,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื,
03:00
migrated south and occupied the ecological space left behind.
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ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืื™ื›ืœืกื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:05
Horses, llamas, tapirs, cougars, saber-toothed cats, gomphotheres,
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ืกื•ืกื™ื, ืœืืžื•ืช, ื˜ืคื™ืจื™ื, ืคื•ืžื•ืช, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืฉืŸ ื—ืจื‘, ื’ื•ืžืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื,
03:12
and later humans also headed south across the land bridge.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื ืขื• ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
03:16
But what happened on land is only half the story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:20
What had been one giant ocean was now two,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
03:24
creating differences in temperature and salinity for the two bodies of water.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:29
The isthmus also became a barrier for many marine organisms,
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ื”ืื™ืกืชืžื•ืก ื”ืคืš ื’ื ืœืžื—ืกื•ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
03:32
like mollusks, crustaceans, foraminifera, bryozoans, and fish,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืคื•ืจืžืžื™ื ื™ืคืจื”, ื‘ืจื™ื–ื•ืื ื™ื, ื•ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:38
and separated the populations of many marine species.
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ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
03:41
It also allowed the establishment of the thermohaline circulation,
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื–ืจื ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ืŸ,
03:45
a global water conveyor belt,
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ืžืกื•ืข ืžื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
03:48
which transports warm water across the Atlantic,
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
03:51
and influences the climate of the East Coast of North America,
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ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:55
the West Coast of Europe, and many other areas.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:58
It's a challenge to track all of the ways
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ื–ื” ืืชื’ืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:00
the collision of the Americas changed the world,
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ืฉื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:04
but it's safe to say that the ripples of the Great American Biotic Interchange
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:08
have propagated through the history of life on the planet,
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ื—ืœื—ืœ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
04:12
and that of mankind.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
04:14
What if these species hadn't gone extinct,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
04:16
or if there were no monkeys in Central America,
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ืื• ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
04:19
or jaguars in South America?
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ืื• ื™ื’ื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”?
04:21
What if the thermohaline circulation wasn't flowing?
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ืžื” ืื ื–ืจื ื”ืชืจืžื•ื”ืœื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืจื?
04:24
Would the East Coast of North America be much colder?
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ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจ?
04:27
It all goes to show some of the most impactful transformations of our planet
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
04:32
aren't the explosive ones that happen in an instant,
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ื”ื ืœื ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
04:35
but the ones that crawl towards irreversible change.
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ืืœื ืืœื” ืฉื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
04:39
We are the product of history.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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