How to speed up chemical reactions (and get a date) - Aaron Sams

2,234,272 views ใƒป 2012-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Orr Schlesinger
(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
ืคื™ื’ืฉื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜.
00:14
Meet our chemist, Harriet.
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00:15
She has a chemical reaction that needs to occur more quickly.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:18
A chemist has some processes at her disposal
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ืœื›ื™ืžืื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืชื”
00:21
that can help her speed up her reaction,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
00:23
and she knows of five ways.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื—ืžืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
00:24
And to remember them,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื”
00:25
she thinks back to her days as a high school student,
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ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:28
and the day she got a date for the dance.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ืฉืฃ.
ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
00:31
Harriet was in high school, studying between classes.
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00:33
She had lost track of time and was going to be late to class.
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ.
00:36
Unbeknownst to her,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื”, ืฉื”ืจื•ืœื“, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”, ืื™ื—ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื.
00:37
Harold, who was just around the corner, was running late, too.
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00:40
They both sprinted to class
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื›ื™ืชื”,
00:42
and, as it happened, sprinted directly into one another.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื ืจืฆื• ื™ืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™.
00:45
Now, this was no small collision.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”.
00:47
They ran squarely into one another in such a way
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ื™ืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืžื™ื“ื™ื”.
00:49
that he knocked the books right out of her hand.
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"ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ," ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ. "ืชื ื™ ืœื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืขื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื."
00:52
"I'm sorry," he said. "Let me help you with your books."
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00:54
He kindly helped her re-collect her belongings,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื” ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื”,
00:56
and politely offered to walk her to class.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ื™ืชื”.
ื•ืœื ืชื ื—ืฉื• ืžื™ ื”ืœืš ื™ื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื”.
00:59
And you'll never guess who went together to the dance later that year.
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ืืœื”.
01:02
Yup, those two.
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01:04
So as we can see from this example,
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ืื–, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื•,
ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ืฉืฃ
01:06
the key to getting a date for the dance is to collide with someone
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:09
and knock the books out of their hands.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื” ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืฉืฃ,
01:11
Now, you're probably already aware
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01:12
that not all collisions lead to dates for the dance,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•.
01:15
thankfully.
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ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช:
01:16
The collisions must have two important characteristics:
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ืื—ืช, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
01:19
One, correct orientation that allows books to be knocked from one's hands;
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื.
01:22
and two, enough energy to knock the books out.
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืชืงืจื™ืช,
01:25
Shortly after this incident,
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01:26
Harriet decided to tell me, her chemistry teacher, all about it.
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ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
01:29
I noticed some interesting parallels
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ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
01:31
between her story and chemical reaction rates,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื•ืงืฆื‘ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:33
which happened to be what she was studying in the hallway
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžื“ื” ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
01:36
the day of the collision.
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ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
01:37
Together, we decided to set out on two missions.
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01:39
Harriet wanted to help all chemistry students and chemists
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ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืจืฆืชื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”
01:42
remember how to speed up the rate of chemical reactions
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
01:45
and I, being the nice guy that I am,
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ื•ืื ื™, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ืฉืื ื™, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™
01:47
decided to make it my mission to help create educational environments
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ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
01:50
in which more book-dropping collisions can take place
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืคืœืช ืกืคืจื™ื
01:52
to increase future chemists' chances of getting a date for the dance.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ืฉืฃ.
01:56
In order to facilitate this improved dance-date-getting process,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื ืฉืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ืคืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:00
I propose five changes to all schools
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ
02:02
that parallel Harriet's five ways to increase chemical reaction rates.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืžืฉ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื ืฆืžืง ืืช ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:06
First, I propose that we shrink the size of the hallways.
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02:09
This will make it more difficult to safely navigate the hallways
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:12
and will cause more collisions than in larger hallways.
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ื•ืขื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื
02:15
And by increasing the number of collisions,
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02:17
we increase the likelihood
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ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
02:18
that some of those collisions will have the correct alignment
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ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ืฉืฃ.
02:21
and enough energy to create a date to the dance.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
02:23
Now, chemically speaking,
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02:25
this is equivalent to lowering the volume of a reaction vessel
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ืœื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
02:27
or a reaction mixture.
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ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
02:29
In doing so, the individual particles are closer together,
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02:32
and more collisions will occur.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•.
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:34
More collisions means a greater likelihood
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ืฉื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืงืจื•.
02:36
that collisions with the appropriate energy and configuration will happen.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
02:40
Second, I propose increasing the overall population of the school.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:44
More students equals more collisions.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช,
02:47
By increasing the number of particles available for collision,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
02:50
we create an environment where more collisions can take place.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื.
02:53
Third, we must reduce the time allowed between classes --
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ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืงืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฆื™.
02:56
heck, let's just cut it in half.
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02:57
In doing so, students will need to move more quickly
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ื‘ื›ืš, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื•ื– ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
03:00
to get from one class to the next.
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ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ
03:01
This increase in velocity will help make sure
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03:04
collisions have the appropriate amount of energy necessary
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืคืœืช ืกืคืจื™ื.
03:06
to ensure book-dropping.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
03:08
This is analogous to increasing the temperature of the reaction mixture.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช.
03:11
Higher temperature means particles are moving faster.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื” ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:14
Faster-moving particles means more energy,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
03:16
and a greater likelihood of the reaction-causing collision.
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช.
03:19
Fourth, students must stop traveling in packs.
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ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
03:23
By traveling in packs, the students on the outside of the pack
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03:26
insulate those in the middle from undergoing any collisions.
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ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ.
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ืœื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:29
By splitting up, each student has more area exposed
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03:32
that is available for a collision from a passing student.
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ืฉื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื.
03:34
When particles travel in packs, the surface area is very small,
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ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ื–ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช,
ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืจืง ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ.
03:38
and only the outside particles can collide.
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03:40
However, by breaking up the clumps into individual particles,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
03:43
the total surface area is increased,
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ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื“ืœ,
03:45
and each particle has an exposed surface that can react.
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ื•ืœื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘.
ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื ืฉื›ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื›ืŸ.
03:49
Fifth and finally, we hire a matchmaker.
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03:52
Is this colliding and book-dropping too violent?
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ื”ืื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืœืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื“ื™?
03:54
Is there an easier way to get a date that requires less initial energy?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช?
03:58
Then a matchmaker will help with this.
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ืื– ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืขื ื–ื”.
04:00
The matchmaker makes it easier for a couple to get together,
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ื”ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ
04:03
by coordinating the match.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’.
ื”ืฉื“ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืื™ืฅ.
04:06
Our matchmaker is like a catalyst.
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ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืžื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืคืขืœื”.
04:08
Chemical catalysts function by lowering the activation energy --
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
04:11
in other words, by lowering the energy required to start a reaction.
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04:14
They do this by bringing two particles together
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“
04:16
and orienting them correctly in space so that the two can meet
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื’ืฉ
04:20
at the correct configuration and allow a reaction to take place.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
ืื–, ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื:
04:24
So, to sum up: if a future chemist wants a date for the dance,
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ืื ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืจื•ืฆื” ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื ืฉืฃ,
04:27
he must collide with another person
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ื•.
04:29
and knock the books out of their hands.
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ื•ืื ื›ื™ืžืื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช,
04:31
And if a chemist wants to make a chemical reaction occur,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ
04:34
the particles must collide in the correct orientation
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04:36
with an appropriate amount of energy.
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:38
And both of these processes can be accelerated,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืชืืจืชื™.
04:40
using the five methods I've described.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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