The Nazis recruited to win the Cold War - Brian Crim

476,614 views ใƒป 2024-04-16

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In May of 1945, the Third Reich was in chaos.
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ื‘ืžืื™ 1945, ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•.
00:12
Adolf Hitler was dead, German surrender was imminent,
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ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืช, ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื”,
00:16
and Allied troops had already begun divvying up German territory.
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช.
00:22
But high-ranking Nazi engineer Wernher von Braun wasnโ€™t worried.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืจื ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’.
00:28
In fact, he approached the US government directlyโ€”
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘ -
00:32
informing them of his location and waiting calmly for their arrival.
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ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื•ื—ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื’ืขืชื.
00:37
As the brain behind the worldโ€™s first long-range ballistic missile,
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ื›ืžื•ื— ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:42
von Braun knew his expertise made him a highly valuable military asset.
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ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื›ืก ืฆื‘ืื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืจื‘.
00:48
And sure enough, his so-called captors gave him a decidedly warm welcome.
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื—, ืืœื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื• ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื• ืงื‘ืœืช ืคื ื™ื ื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
00:55
Von Braun wasn't the only Nazi scientist receiving this treatment.
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ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื”.
01:01
While World War II was almost over, a new war was brewing.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:06
And the US was eager to recruit the smartest minds in Germany
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ื•ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื•ื˜ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
01:11
before the Soviets got the chance.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช.
01:14
This became known as Operation Paperclipโ€”
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ื–ื” ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฉื ืžื‘ืฆืข โ€œืžื”ื“ืง ื ื™ื™ืจโ€œ,
01:17
a clandestine campaign that brought over 1,500 German scientists to the US
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ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž -1,500 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืืจื”โ€œื‘
01:24
between 1945 and 1962.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1945 ืœ -1962.
01:28
The program was named for the paperclips attached to the files of early recruitsโ€”
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืžื”ื“ืงื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคื™ื ืœืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื -
01:33
indicating that incriminating information like Nazi affiliations
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื™ื“ืข ืžืคืœื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืืฆื™ืช
01:38
or suspected war crimes could be disregarded.
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ืื• ื—ืฉื“ ืœืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
01:42
Von Braun, for example, had overseen an SS project
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ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืคื™ืงื— ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืก-ืืก
01:47
that relied on forced labor from thousands of concentration camp prisoners.
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ืฉื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
01:53
While von Braun approached the US directly,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื”โ€œื‘,
01:56
other scientists had to be identified and located.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืืชืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:00
One important asset in this effort
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ื ื›ืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื–ื”
02:03
was a Nazi-compiled list of Germanyโ€™s top scientists,
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื ืืกืคื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
02:07
which someone had unsuccessfully tried to dispose of by flushing down a toilet.
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื ื” ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
02:13
But the US was just one player in this scramble.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”.
02:16
The Soviets were also competing to seize German brainpower,
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ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื• ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™,
02:20
resorting to bribery and forced relocation.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืฉื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื”.
02:25
The French and British lacked the money to lure the best German brains,
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ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื,
02:30
but that didn't stop them from kidnapping the occasional scientist.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ.
02:35
They also stole patents and dismantled factories to learn what they could.
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ื”ื ื’ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจืงื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
02:41
The US approach, however, featured a different and particularly tempting
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ื•ืžืคืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:46
brand of coercion:
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ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ื™ื”:
02:48
the promise to relocate entire German families and grant them citizenship.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื”ืŸ ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช.
02:55
This controversial offer was one of the reasons
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ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
02:58
Paperclip was initially shrouded in secrecy.
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ืฉโ€œืžื”ื“ืง ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ื”ื™ื” ืืคื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
03:02
But the project became difficult to hide when Germans started popping up
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ
03:08
all over the US.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:10
The military tried to get ahead of any controversy
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
03:13
by revealing the operation to the press in late 1946.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ 1946.
03:18
But the news immediately attracted criticism from many prominent voices,
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ืืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืฆื“ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:24
including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the NAACP,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื•ื”- NAACP,
03:30
as well as many veteranโ€™s organizations.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:34
These parties opposed granting German scientists citizenship
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ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ืœื”ืขื ืงืช ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
03:39
while millions of displaced persons, including survivors of Nazi atrocities,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืงื•ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
03:45
had no chance of coming to America.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:48
Most Americans were also against employing former Nazis
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื’ื ืœื”ืขืกืงืช ื ืืฆื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ
03:52
in sensitive national security positions.
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ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.
03:56
But as the Cold War ramped up,
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ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื”,
03:59
the military argument for keeping these scientists out of Soviet hands
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:03
overpowered popular objections.
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ื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ื•ืช.
04:07
With his Nazi past largely hidden from the public,
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
04:11
von Braun became one of the USโ€™s most important engineers
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ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘
04:15
at the height of the Space Race.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:18
In 1958, his team responded to the Soviet launch of Sputnik
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1958 ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง
04:23
with the USโ€™s own successful satellite launch.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœ ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืขืฆืžื”.
04:27
And in the 60s, he was the chief architect of Saturn V,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -60 ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5,
04:33
the rocket that brought Americans to the moon.
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ื”ืจืงื˜ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื™ืจื—.
04:36
Other Paperclip recruits contributed to the development of chemical weapons
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ืžื’ื•ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ โ€œืžื”ื“ืง ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ืชืจืžื• ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉืง ื›ื™ืžื™
04:41
such as Agent Orange, pharmaceutical research,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ โ€œืื™ื™ื’โ€˜ื ื˜ ืื•ืจื ื’โ€™โ€ , ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจืžืฆื‘ื˜ื™
04:45
and the development of modern airplanes.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
04:48
These contributions helped the US government present Paperclip as a success.
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ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”โ€œื‘ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช โ€œืžื”ื“ืง ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ื›ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
04:54
But, in hindsight, itโ€™s hard to gauge how helpful the program really was.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
05:01
While von Braun saved the US years of rocketry experimentation,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื—ืกืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืจื”โ€œื‘ ,
05:06
there's no reason to think American scientists couldn't have developed
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคืชื—
05:09
the same technology without him.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
05:12
Furthermore, very few Paperclippers were as exceptional as von Braun.
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ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ โ€œืžื”ื“ืงื™ ื ื™ื™ืจโ€ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ.
05:19
Many were average scientists who either completed their contracts
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื•ื–ื™ื”ื
05:24
and returned to Germany,
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ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
05:26
or took jobs alongside Americans with equivalent expertise.
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ืื• ืœืงื—ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš.
05:31
But ultimately, the issue of Paperclipโ€™s success
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ โ€œืžื”ื“ืง ื ื™ื™ืจโ€
05:34
is just one of many questions raised by its contentious approach
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ืช ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
05:39
to science, ethics, and national security.
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ืœืžื“ืข, ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
05:43
Can scientists working on military technology be apolitical,
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ื”ืื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
05:48
or are they responsible for their creations?
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื?
05:51
Can pressing political and military concerns justify overlooking war crimes?
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ื”ืื ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืคืฉืขื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”?
05:58
In many ways, von Braunโ€™s obituary sums up the operationโ€™s murkiness:
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื”ื”ืกืคื“ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืขึฒืžึดื™ืžื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข:
06:04
โ€œA kind of Faustian shadow may be discerned in [...] the fascinating career
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โ€œื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆืœ ืคืื•ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจืชืงืช
06:11
of Wernher von Braun:
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ืฉืœ ื•ืจื ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ:
06:14
a man so possessed of [...] intellectual hunger,
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ืื“ื ื›ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™,
06:18
that any accommodation may be justified.โ€
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื“ืงืช."
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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