The Nazis recruited to win the Cold War - Brian Crim

476,614 views ・ 2024-04-16

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yeseul Kang κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:06
In May of 1945, the Third Reich was in chaos.
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1945λ…„ 5μ›”, 제3 μ œκ΅­μ€ ν˜Όλž€μ— λΉ μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:12
Adolf Hitler was dead, German surrender was imminent,
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μ•„λŒν”„ νžˆν‹€λŸ¬λŠ” μ£½μ—ˆκ³ , λ…μΌμ˜ 항볡이 μž„λ°•ν–ˆμœΌλ©°,
00:16
and Allied troops had already begun divvying up German territory.
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연합ꡰ은 이미 독일 μ˜ν† λ₯Ό λΆ„ν• ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:22
But high-ranking Nazi engineer Wernher von Braun wasn’t worried.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚˜μΉ˜μ˜ κ³ μœ„ κ³΅ν•™μžμΈ 폰 λΈŒλΌμš΄μ€ κ±±μ •ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
In fact, he approached the US government directlyβ€”
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사싀, κ·ΈλŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ 정뢀에 직접 연락해
00:32
informing them of his location and waiting calmly for their arrival.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ•Œλ¦¬κ³  μΉ¨μ°©ν•˜κ²Œ 그듀이 λ„μ°©ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ‹€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
As the brain behind the world’s first long-range ballistic missile,
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세계 졜초 μž₯거리 탄도 λ―Έμ‚¬μΌμ˜ λ‘λ‡Œλ‘œμ„œ
00:42
von Braun knew his expertise made him a highly valuable military asset.
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ „λ¬Έ μ§€μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 인해
맀우 κ·€μ€‘ν•œ ꡰ사 μžμ‚°μ΄ 될 κ±°λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:48
And sure enough, his so-called captors gave him a decidedly warm welcome.
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ν™•μ‹€νžˆ, κ·Έλ₯Ό 포둜둜 μž‘μ€ 이λ₯Έλ°” ν¬νšμžλ“€μ€
κ·Έλ₯Ό μ§„μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν™˜μ˜ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
Von Braun wasn't the only Nazi scientist receiving this treatment.
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이런 λŒ€μš°λ₯Ό 받은 λ‚˜μΉ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλŠ” 폰 브라운만이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
While World War II was almost over, a new war was brewing.
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제2μ°¨ 세계 λŒ€μ „μ΄ 거의 λλ‚˜κ°ˆ 무렡, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ „μŸμ΄ λ²Œμ–΄μ§€κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
And the US was eager to recruit the smartest minds in Germany
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그리고 미ꡭ은 λ…μΌμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ λ˜‘λ˜‘ν•œ 인재λ₯Ό
μ†Œλ ¨λ³΄λ‹€ λ¨Όμ € μ˜μž…ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ—΄μ‹¬μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
before the Soviets got the chance.
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01:14
This became known as Operation Paperclipβ€”
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이것은 β€˜μ’…μ΄ 클립 μž‘μ „β€™μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œλ €μ§€κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
a clandestine campaign that brought over 1,500 German scientists to the US
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1,500λͺ…이 λ„˜λŠ” 독일 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ 미ꡭ으둜 데렀온 λΉ„λ°€ ꡰ사 μž‘μ „μœΌλ‘œ
01:24
between 1945 and 1962.
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1945λ…„μ—μ„œ 1962λ…„ 사이에 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
The program was named for the paperclips attached to the files of early recruitsβ€”
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이 이름은 초기 μž‘μ „ μ„œλ₯˜μ— 달린 쒅이 클립의 이름을 λ”΄ 것인데,
01:33
indicating that incriminating information like Nazi affiliations
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μ΄λŠ” λ‚˜μΉ˜μ— λΆ€μ—­ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜ μ „μŸ 범죄 ν˜μ˜μ™€ 같은
01:38
or suspected war crimes could be disregarded.
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κΌ¬νˆ¬λ¦¬κ°€ 작힐 λ§Œν•œ μžλ£ŒλŠ” 묡인할 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
Von Braun, for example, had overseen an SS project
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 폰 λΈŒλΌμš΄μ€ 집단 μˆ˜μš©μ†Œ μˆ˜κ°μžλ“€ 수천 λͺ…을
01:47
that relied on forced labor from thousands of concentration camp prisoners.
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κ°•μ œ 노동에 λ™μ›ν–ˆλ˜ SS μž‘μ „μ„ κ°λ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
While von Braun approached the US directly,
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폰 λΈŒλΌμš΄μ€ 직접 λ―Έκ΅­κ³Ό μ ‘μ΄‰ν•œ λ°˜λ©΄μ—
01:56
other scientists had to be identified and located.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 일일이 신원을 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³  μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 찾아봐야 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
One important asset in this effort
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯에 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 자료 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
02:03
was a Nazi-compiled list of Germany’s top scientists,
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λ‚˜μΉ˜κ°€ μž‘μ„±ν•œ 독일 졜고 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ˜ λͺ…λ‹¨μ΄μ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
02:07
which someone had unsuccessfully tried to dispose of by flushing down a toilet.
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λˆ„κ΅°κ°€ 이 λͺ…단을 변기에 λ„£μ–΄ μ—†μ• λ € ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
But the US was just one player in this scramble.
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그런데 미ꡭ은 이 μŸνƒˆμ „μ— μ°Έκ°€ν•œ μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ„Έλ ₯ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ— λΆˆκ³Όν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
The Soviets were also competing to seize German brainpower,
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μ†Œλ ¨ λ˜ν•œ λ…μΌμ˜ λ‘λ‡Œλ₯Ό μž₯μ•…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ κ²½μŸν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
resorting to bribery and forced relocation.
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그듀은 λ‡Œλ¬Όκ³Ό κ°•μ œ 이주λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν–ˆμ£ .
02:25
The French and British lacked the money to lure the best German brains,
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ μ˜κ΅­μ€ 독일 졜고 λ‘λ‡Œλ“€μ„ κΎ€μ–΄λ‚Ό λˆμ€ μ—†μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:30
but that didn't stop them from kidnapping the occasional scientist.
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κ·Έ 사싀이 ν‰λ²”ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ λ‚©μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ 막진 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
They also stole patents and dismantled factories to learn what they could.
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ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ™€ μ˜κ΅­μ€ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό ν›”μΉ˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆκ³ ,
무엇을 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„ 보렀고 곡μž₯을 ν•΄μ²΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
The US approach, however, featured a different and particularly tempting
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 미ꡭ의 μ ‘κ·Ό λ°©μ‹μ—λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ, λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 유혹이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:46
brand of coercion:
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02:48
the promise to relocate entire German families and grant them citizenship.
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λ°”λ‘œ 독일 κ°€μ‘± 전체λ₯Ό μ΄μ£Όμ‹œμΌœ μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒμ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κ² λ‹€λŠ” μ•½μ†μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
This controversial offer was one of the reasons
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λ…Όλž€μ˜ 여지가 μžˆλŠ” 이 μ œμ•ˆμ€
02:58
Paperclip was initially shrouded in secrecy.
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μ²˜μŒμ— 쒅이 클립 μž‘μ „μ„ 비밀에 λΆ€μΉœ 이유 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
But the project became difficult to hide when Germans started popping up
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 독일인듀이 λ―Έκ΅­ 전역에 λͺ°λ €λ“€κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
이 μž‘μ „μ„ μˆ¨κΈ°κΈ°κ°€ μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
all over the US.
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03:10
The military tried to get ahead of any controversy
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κ΅°λΆ€λŠ” λ…Όλž€μ„ 미리 방지해 보렀고
03:13
by revealing the operation to the press in late 1946.
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1946λ…„ 말에 이 μž‘μ „μ„ 언둠에 κ³΅κ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
But the news immediately attracted criticism from many prominent voices,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μ†Œμ‹μ€ κ³§λ°”λ‘œ λ§Žμ€ 유λͺ… μΈμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ λΉ„νŒμ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
including Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the NAACP,
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μ•Œλ²„νŠΈ μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ΄λ‚˜ μ—˜λ ˆλ…Έμ–΄ 루슀벨트 등이 이λ₯Ό λΉ„λ‚œν–ˆμ£ .
NAACPλ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ μ°Έμ „ μš©μ‚¬ 단체듀도 λΉ„νŒμ— κ°€μ„Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
as well as many veteran’s organizations.
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03:34
These parties opposed granting German scientists citizenship
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이듀은 독일 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒμ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
while millions of displaced persons, including survivors of Nazi atrocities,
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λ‚˜μΉ˜μ˜ μž”ν•™ ν–‰μœ„ μƒμ‘΄μž λ“± 수백만 μ‹€ν–₯민듀은
03:45
had no chance of coming to America.
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미ꡭ에 올 기회쑰차 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ μƒν™©μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
Most Americans were also against employing former Nazis
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λ˜ν•œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 미ꡭ인듀은 μ „ λ‚˜μΉ˜ 당원듀을
03:52
in sensitive national security positions.
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λ―Όκ°ν•œ κ΅­κ°€ μ•ˆλ³΄ 직책에 κ³ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λ°˜λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
But as the Cold War ramped up,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 냉전이 κ²©ν™”λ˜μž
03:59
the military argument for keeping these scientists out of Soviet hands
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이 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ†Œλ ¨μ˜ 손에 λ„˜μ–΄κ°€λ©΄ μ•ˆλœλ‹€λŠ” ꡰ사적 μ£Όμž₯이
04:03
overpowered popular objections.
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λŒ€μ€‘μ˜ λ°˜λŒ€λ₯Ό μ••λ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
With his Nazi past largely hidden from the public,
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κ³Όκ±° λ‚˜μΉ˜ κ²½λ ₯이 λŒ€μ€‘μ— 거의 μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μƒν™©μ—μ„œ
04:11
von Braun became one of the US’s most important engineers
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폰 λΈŒλΌμš΄μ€ 우주 경쟁이 ν•œμ°½μΌ λ•Œ
04:15
at the height of the Space Race.
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ•„μ£Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ³΅ν•™μž 쀑 ν•œ λͺ…이 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
In 1958, his team responded to the Soviet launch of Sputnik
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1958λ…„, 그의 νŒ€μ€ μ†Œλ ¨ μŠ€ν‘ΈνŠΈλ‹ˆν¬ λ°œμ‚¬μ— λŒ€μ‘ν•΄μ„œ
04:23
with the US’s own successful satellite launch.
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미ꡭ의 자체 μœ„μ„± λ°œμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
And in the 60s, he was the chief architect of Saturn V,
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폰 λΈŒλΌμš΄μ€ 60λ…„λŒ€μ— μƒˆν„΄ V의 μˆ˜μ„ μ„€κ³„μžμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
the rocket that brought Americans to the moon.
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미ꡭ인을 λ‹¬λ‘œ 데렀간 λ‘œμΌ“μ΄μ£ .
04:36
Other Paperclip recruits contributed to the development of chemical weapons
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쒅이 클립 μž‘μ „μœΌλ‘œ 데렀온 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€λ„
μ—μ΄μ „νŠΈ μ˜€λ Œμ§€ 같은 ν™”ν•™ 무기 개발,
04:41
such as Agent Orange, pharmaceutical research,
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μ‹ μ•½ μ—°κ΅¬λ‚˜ ν˜„λŒ€μ‹ λΉ„ν–‰κΈ° κ°œλ°œμ— κΈ°μ—¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:45
and the development of modern airplanes.
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04:48
These contributions helped the US government present Paperclip as a success.
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ κΈ°μ—¬ 덕뢄에 λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€λŠ”
쒅이 클립 μž‘μ „μ΄ μ„±κ³΅μ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ„ μ „ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
But, in hindsight, it’s hard to gauge how helpful the program really was.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 돌이켜보면 이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄
μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 도움이 λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ κ°€λŠ ν•˜κΈ°λŠ” μ–΄λ ΅μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:01
While von Braun saved the US years of rocketry experimentation,
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미ꡭ의 λ‘œμΌ“ μ‹€ν—˜μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 연ꡬ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λͺ‡ λ…„ 쀄여주긴 ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
05:06
there's no reason to think American scientists couldn't have developed
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폰 브라운이 μ—†μœΌλ©΄ λ―Έκ΅­ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
같은 κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμ„ 거라고 생각할 μ΄μœ λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:09
the same technology without him.
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05:12
Furthermore, very few Paperclippers were as exceptional as von Braun.
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ 폰 브라운만큼 λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ 쒅이 클립 λŒ€μƒμžλŠ” 거의 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:19
Many were average scientists who either completed their contracts
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이듀 쀑 λ‹€μˆ˜λŠ” ν‰λ²”ν•œ κ³Όν•™μžλ‘œμ„œ
계약이 λλ‚˜κ³  λ…μΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€κ±°λ‚˜
05:24
and returned to Germany,
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05:26
or took jobs alongside Americans with equivalent expertise.
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λ™λ“±ν•œ μ „λ¬Έ 지식을 κ°–μΆ˜ 미ꡭ인과 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μ·¨μ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:31
But ultimately, the issue of Paperclip’s success
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ꢁ극적으둜 쒅이 클립 μž‘μ „μ˜ 성곡 λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
05:34
is just one of many questions raised by its contentious approach
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κ³Όν•™, 윀리 및 κ΅­κ°€ μ•ˆλ³΄μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…ΌμŸμ μΈ μ ‘κ·Ό λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ œκΈ°λ˜λŠ”
05:39
to science, ethics, and national security.
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λ§Žμ€ 문제 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΌ λΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:43
Can scientists working on military technology be apolitical,
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ꡰ사 κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ μ •μΉ˜μ— μ΄ˆμ—°ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:48
or are they responsible for their creations?
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λ˜λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ˜ 창쑰물에 μ±…μž„μ΄ μžˆλŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
05:51
Can pressing political and military concerns justify overlooking war crimes?
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μ •μΉ˜μ , ꡰ사적 문제λ₯Ό κ°•μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 것이
μ „μŸ 범죄λ₯Ό λ¬΅μΈν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ μ •λ‹Ήν™”ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:58
In many ways, von Braun’s obituary sums up the operation’s murkiness:
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ©΄μ—μ„œ 폰 브라운의 λΆ€κ³ λŠ” 이 μž‘μ „μ˜ λͺ¨ν˜Έν•¨μ„ 잘 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
β€œA kind of Faustian shadow may be discerned in [...] the fascinating career
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β€œλ² λ₯΄λ„ˆ 폰 브라운의 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ κ²½λ ₯μ—μ„œ
μΌμ’…μ˜ νŒŒμš°μŠ€νŠΈμ‹ 거래의 그림자λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
of Wernher von Braun:
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06:14
a man so possessed of [...] intellectual hunger,
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κ·ΈλŠ” 지적 ꡢ주림에 λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ‚¬λ‘œμž‘ν˜€ μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
06:18
that any accommodation may be justified.”
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μ–΄λ–€ 방법도 μ •λ‹Ήν™”ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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