Can you solve the death race riddle? - Alex Gendler

1,874,707 views ใƒป 2020-03-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:08
The night before the Death Race across the Wastelands is set to begin,
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืžื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ,
00:12
your uncle, the great inventor Slate Kanoli,
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ื“ื•ื“ื›ื, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืงื ื•ืœื™,
00:15
got kidnapped by the ruthless No-Side gang.
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ื ื—ื˜ืฃ ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื™ืช ืœืœื ืฆื“ ื—ืกืจืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื.
00:18
The only way to get him back is to race his Coil Runner
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ
00:22
against the gang yourself.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื.
00:24
Win and theyโ€™ll give back your uncle.
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ืื ืชื–ื›ื• ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื›ื.
00:26
Lose and youโ€™ll forfeit the Coil Runner and all his other creations.
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ืื ืชืคืกื™ื“ื• ื•ืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:31
As the grueling race gets underway,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืคืจืš ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš,
00:33
you find yourself falling further and further behind.
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ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื’.
00:36
Your only chance is to take a shortcut your uncle told you aboutโ€“โ€“
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ื•ื“ื›ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื• --
00:40
the Flux Ravine gambit.
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ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ.
00:43
Fortunately, the Coil Runner comes equipped with emergency turbo thrusters.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืคื™ืฅ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“ืช ื‘ืžื“ื—ืคื™ ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื• ื—ืจื•ื.
00:48
Unfortunately, your uncle was a notorious tinkerer,
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงืŸ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื”,
00:52
and the system still had some kinks to work out.
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ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:55
Just minor things like the ignition exploding,
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ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ืฉืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช,
00:58
the reactor leaking, or the oxygen levels depletingโ€”
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ื”ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื“ื•ืœืฃ, ืื• ืจืžื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช --
01:01
any of which would end your racing career immediately.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœื›ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช.
01:05
Before his kidnapping,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื•,
01:06
Uncle Slate determined that each of these critical failures
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ื“ื•ื“ ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:09
was the ultimate result of a chain reaction
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช
01:12
originating in the thrusters.
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ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื.
01:14
He was also certain that while one factor could trigger two different effects,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:19
and two factors could each independently lead to the same effect,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”,
01:23
no effect is caused by two factors in conjunction.
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ืฉื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืœื ืชื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
01:28
However, Uncle Slate never got around to pinpointing
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื“ื•ื“ ืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืœืžืงื“
01:31
which thruster was responsible for which error.
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ื–ื• ืฉื’ื™ืื”.
01:35
All you have are the notes from his test runs:
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ื ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•:
01:39
1. When thrusters B and C are on, the Fuel gauge glows.
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1. ื›ืฉืžื“ื—ืฃ B ื• C ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ.
01:44
2. When thrusters A, B, and D are on,
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2. ื›ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื A, B ื• D ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
01:47
the Fuel gauge glows and the Helium tank rattles.
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ืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜.
01:50
3. When thrusters C, D, and E are on,
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3. ื›ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื C,D ื• E ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
01:54
the Fuel gauge glows and the Gravitometer spins.
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ืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
01:58
4. When thrusters A, D, and E are on,
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4. ื›ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื A,D ื• E ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
02:02
the Gravitometer spins and the Helium tank rattles.
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ืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜.
02:06
5. Shortly after the Helium tank rattles and the Gravitometer spins,
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5. ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
02:11
the Ignition explodes and the Oxygen levels deplete.
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ื”ื”ืฆืชื” ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืช.
02:15
6. Shortly after the Fuel gauge glows and the Gravitometer spins,
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6. ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘,
02:20
the Reactor leaks.
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ื”ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืœืฃ.
02:22
You need to use as many thrusters as possible
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ
02:25
to give yourself the best chance at clearing the gap,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ,
02:28
without triggering any of the three catastrophic failures.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
02:32
Which thrusters should you activate?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ืขืจื™ื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ?
02:34
Answer in 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 3
02:36
Answer in 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 2
02:39
Answer in 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ 1
02:42
The most important thing to remember here
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืคื”
02:44
is that even if we know that one thing causes another,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
02:47
the converse is not necessarily true.
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ื”ื”ืคืš ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:50
For example, this panic switch shuts off the coil runnerโ€™s engine.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืคืกืง ื”ืคืื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”.
02:54
But the engine being off doesnโ€™t necessarily mean
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
02:57
the panic switch was engagedโ€”
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ืฉืžืคืกืง ื”ืคื ื™ืงื” ื ืœื—ืฅ --
02:59
the coil runner could be out of fuel, or damagedโ€”
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื“ืœืง, ืื• ืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช --
03:02
or turned off normally.
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ืื• ืžื›ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:04
We can, however, conclude that if the engine is running,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืคื•ืขืœ,
03:08
the panic switch hasnโ€™t been engaged.
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ืžืคืกืง ื”ืคื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื ืœื—ืฅ.
03:10
With that in mind, one way we can start is to work backwards
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ืขื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืื—ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืื—ื•ืจื”
03:14
from the three defects that could knock you out of the race.
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ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืชื›ื ืžื”ืžืจื•ืฅ.
03:18
So letโ€™s look at Slateโ€™s last two notes,
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืชืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ,
03:20
since they give direct information about those.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืืœื”.
03:23
The Gravitometer spins in both cases, but the results are different.
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ืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:28
That means the spinning Gravitometer
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
03:30
canโ€™t be the cause of any particular malfunction.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ืชืงืœื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
03:34
If it were, the same thing would happen each time.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื”, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
03:37
So we can conclude that a glowing Fuel gauge makes the reactor leak,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจ,
03:42
while a rattling Helium tank makes the Ignition explode
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื˜ื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืฆืชื” ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ
03:45
and depletes the Oxygen levels.
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ื•ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
03:48
Once we know which two errors we need to avoid,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืื™ื–ื” ืฉืชื™ ืชืงืœื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžื ืข,
03:51
we can make a table and use the logic of cause and effect
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื ื•ืชื•ืฆืื”
03:54
to see which thrusters trigger them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:56
Since the Helium tank is fine during the first test run
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
04:00
when thrusters B and C are active,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื B ื•C ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
04:02
we can assume neither makes it rattle.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœืจื˜ื•ื˜.
04:05
And from the third run we know that D and E donโ€™t either.
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ื•ืžื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื D ื• E ืœืœื.
04:09
That leaves thruster A,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืžื“ื—ืฃ A,
04:11
which was indeed used in the second and fourth test runs
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช
04:15
where the Helium tank rattled.
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ืฉื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ืจื˜ื˜.
04:17
Now what causes the glowing Fuel gauge?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ?
ืžื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื A,D ืื• E.
04:21
From the fourth test run we know it canโ€™t be thrusters A, D, or E.
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04:25
So is the culprit, B, C, or each of them separately?
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ืื– ื”ืื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื B, C ืื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“?
04:29
The answer can be found in the second and third test runs:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
04:33
the fuel tank glowed in both, but B was activated in one,
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ืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ B ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ,
04:37
and C in the other.
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ื• C ื‘ืื—ืจืช,
04:39
That means the B and C thrusters each independently make the Fuel tank glow.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื B ื• C ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื“ ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ.
04:46
It looks like the A, B, and C thrusters are off limits.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื—ืคื™ื A,B ื• C ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ื•ื.
04:50
Fortunately, the other two are just enough to clear the jump.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”.
04:54
You rocket into first place
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ืืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:56
and the gang begrudgingly hands over your uncle.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ.
04:59
He thanks you profusely, and decides to celebrate your victory
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘, ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ
05:03
with a cup of tea from his latest contraption...
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ืขื ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ืžื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•...
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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