The life, legacy & assassination of an African revolutionary - Lisa Janae Bacon

478,611 views ใƒป 2020-02-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:09
In 1972, Thomas Sankara was swept into a revolution
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ื‘ 1972, ืชื•ืžืืก ืกื ืงืจื” ื ืกื—ืฃ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื”
00:13
for a country not his own.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืฉืœื•.
00:14
Hailing from the West African nation of Burkina Fasoโ€”
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืคืืกื• --
00:18
then known as Upper Voltaโ€”
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืื– ื›ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช--
00:20
the 22-year-old soldier had travelled to Madagascar
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื” 22 ื ืกืข ืœืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ
00:23
to study at their military academy.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
00:25
But upon arriving, he found a nation in conflict.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜.
00:29
Local revolutionaries sought to wrest control of Madagascar
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ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ
00:32
from Franceโ€™s lingering colonial rule.
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ืžื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš.
00:35
These protestors inspired Sankara
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืกื ืืงื”
00:37
to read works by socialist leaders like Karl Marx
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ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืืจืœ ืžืืจืงืก
00:40
and seek wisdom from military strategy.
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ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช.
00:43
When he returned to Upper Volta in 1973,
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ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืœื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ 1973,
00:46
Sankara was determined to free his country from its colonial legacy.
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ืกื ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช.
00:51
Born in 1949,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ 1949,
ืกื ืงืจื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
00:53
Sankara was raised in a relatively privileged household
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00:56
as the third of ten children.
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ื›ื™ืœื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฉืจื”.
00:58
His parents wanted him to be a priest, but like many of his peers,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืจืฆื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื•,
01:02
Sankara saw the military as the perfect institution
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ืกื ืงืจื” ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื›ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื
01:05
to rid Upper Volta of corruption.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ืžื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
01:07
After returning from Madagascar,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืžืžื“ื’ืกืงืจ,
01:09
he became famous for his charisma and transparent oratorial styleโ€”
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• --
01:14
but he was less popular with the reigning government.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•.
01:17
Led by President Jean-Baptiste Ouรฉdraogo,
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ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ืืŸ ื‘ืคื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื“ืจืื’ื•,
01:20
this administration came to power in the 3rd consecutive coup dโ€™รฉtat
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœื” ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
01:23
in Upper Voltaโ€™s recent history.
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ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
01:26
The administrationโ€™s policies were a far cry
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“
01:28
from the sweeping changes Sankara proposed,
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ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืกื ืงืจื” ื”ืฆื™ืข,
01:30
but, by 1981, Sankaraโ€™s popularity won out,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ 1981, ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื”,
01:34
earning him a role in Ouรฉdraogoโ€™s government.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ืืื•ื“ืจื’ื•.
01:37
Nicknamed โ€œAfricaโ€™s Che Guevara," Sankara rapidly rose through the ranks,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ โ€œืฆโ€™ื” ื’ื•ื•ืืจื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”โ€œ, ืกื ืงืจื” ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:42
and within two years, he was appointed Prime Minister.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื ื” ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
01:45
In his new role, he delivered rallying speeches
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ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื ืื•ืžื™ื ืžืื—ื“ื™ื
01:48
to impoverished communities, women, and young people.
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ื—ืฉืœื•ืช, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
01:51
He even tried to persuade other governments to form alliances
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช
01:55
based on their shared colonial legacy.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:58
But Ouรฉdraogo and his advisors felt threatened by Sankaraโ€™s new position.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืื•ื“ืจืื•ื’ื• ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื”.
02:01
They thought his communist beliefs would harm alliances with capitalist countries,
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:06
and just months after becoming Prime Minister,
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ื•ืจืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืจืืฉ ืžืžืฉืœื”,
02:09
Ouรฉdraogoโ€™s administration forced Sankara from the job
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืืื•ื“ืจืื•ื’ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืกื ืงืจื” ืžืžืฉืจื“ื•
02:12
and placed him on house arrest.
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ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืช.
02:14
Little did the President know
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข
02:16
this act would fuel Upper Voltaโ€™s 4th coup dโ€™รฉtat in 17 years.
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ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ 17 ืฉื ื”.
02:21
Civilian protests ensued around the capital,
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ืžื•ื—ื™ื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”,
ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขืฆืจื”
02:24
and the government ground to a halt
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02:25
while Sankara tried to negotiate a peaceful transition.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกื ืงืจื” ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืงื˜.
02:29
During this time, Blaise Compaorรฉ,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืœื™ื™ื– ืงื•ืžืคืื•ืจ,
02:32
Sankaraโ€™s friend and fellow former soldier,
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืขืžื™ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
02:34
foiled another coup that included an attempt on Sankaraโ€™s life.
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ืกื™ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ืกื ืงืจื”.
02:38
Eventually, Ouรฉdraogo resigned without further violence,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืื•ื“ืจืื•ื’ื• ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
02:42
and on August 4, 1983, Thomas Sankara became the new President of Upper Volta.
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ื•ื‘4 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1983, ืชื•ืžืืก ืกื ืงืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืช.
02:49
Finally in charge, Sankara launched an ambitious program
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืกื ืงืจื” ืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช
02:52
for social and economic change.
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ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
02:55
As one of his first agenda items, he renamed the country
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื•
02:58
from its French colonial title "Upper Volta" to "Burkina Faso,"
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ืžื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืฉืœื• โ€œื•ื•ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืœื™ืชโ€ ืœ โ€œื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืคืืกื•,โ€
03:03
which translates to โ€œLand of Upright Men."
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ืฉืžืชืจื’ื ืœ"ืืจืฅ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื."
03:07
Over the next four years he established a nation-wide literacy campaign,
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื™ื ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™,
03:12
ordered the planting of over 10 million trees,
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ื•ืฆื™ื•ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื™ื,
03:15
and composed a new national anthemโ€”
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ื•ื”ืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉ --
03:17
all while cutting down inflated government employee salaries.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืฆืžื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:21
But perhaps the most unique element of Sankaraโ€™s revolution
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื”
03:24
was his dedication to gender equality.
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื“ืจื™.
03:27
He cultivated a movement for womenโ€™s liberation,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื ืฉื™,
03:30
outlawing forced marriages, polygamy and genital mutilation.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืคื•ืœื™ื’ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ืชืช ืื‘ืจื™ ืžื™ืŸ.
03:35
He was the first African leader to appoint women to key political positions
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื
03:39
and actively recruit them to the military.
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ื•ื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืฆื‘ื.
03:42
However, Sankaraโ€™s socialist policies were met with much resistance.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช.
03:47
Many students and elites believed his economic plans
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•
03:50
would alienate Burkina Faso from its capitalist peers.
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ืชืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืคืืกื• ืžื”ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืงืคื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
03:54
His crackdown on the misuse of public funds
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื ืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื
03:56
turned government officials against him as well.
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ื’ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื ื’ื“ื•.
03:59
After four years, what began as an empowering revolution
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ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื›ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื—
04:02
had isolated many influential Burkinabes.
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ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื.
04:05
But Sankara was not ready to yield his power.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื ืงืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:08
He executed increasingly authoritarian actions,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืจื•ืชืจื™ื•ืช
04:11
including banning trade unions and the free press.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช.
04:15
Eventually, his autocratic tendencies
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•
04:17
turned even his closest friends against him.
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ื”ืคื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•.
04:20
On October 15, 1987,
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ื‘ 15 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 1987,
04:23
Sankara was conducting a meeting when a group of assailants
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ืกื ืงืจื” ืขืจืš ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื ืงืฉื™ื
04:26
swarmed his headquarters.
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ื ื”ืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ื•.
04:28
Sankara was assassinated in the attack,
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ืกื ืงืจื” ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื”,
04:31
and many believe the raid was ordered by his friend Blaise Compaorรฉ.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื– ืงืžืคืื•ืจื”.
04:35
Though his legacy is complicated,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช,
04:37
many of Sankaraโ€™s policies have proven themselves to be ahead of their time.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื›ืžืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžื ืŸ.
04:41
In the past decade,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
04:43
Burkinabe youth have celebrated Sankaraโ€™s political philosophy,
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ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ื—ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื”,
04:47
and nearby countries like Ghana have even adopted Sankaraโ€™s economic models.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื”.
04:52
On March 2, 2019 a statue of Sankara was erected in Burkina Fasoโ€™s capital,
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ื‘ 2 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2019 ืคืกืœ ืฉืœ ืกื ืงืจื” ื”ื•ืขืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ื” ืคืืกื•,
04:58
establishing his place as an icon of revolution for his country
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืกืก ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ืื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•
05:03
and throughout the world.
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ื•ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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