The strange case of the cyclops sheep - Tien Nguyen

1,769,619 views ใƒป 2017-10-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
In the 1950s, a group of ranchers in Idaho
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืื™ื™ื“ื”ื•
00:10
were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity.
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืžื” ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืžืœื™ื˜ื• ื’ื“ื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:16
Mystified by these cyclops sheep,
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ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
00:18
they called in scientists from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to investigate.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
00:23
The researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืจื•ืช
00:27
had snacked on poisonous birth defect-causing plants.
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ืื›ืœื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืคื’ืžื™ื.
00:31
They collected the local flora and fed samples to lab rats,
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ื”ื ืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืื›ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
00:35
but struggled to replicate the effect.
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ืืš ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”.
00:38
So they decided to directly observe the sheep
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ืื– ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื
00:41
with one scientist even living with the herd for three summers.
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ื•ืžื“ืขืŸ ืื—ื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ ืขื ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ื™ืฆื™ื.
00:45
After a decade of trial and error, the scientists finally found the culprit,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื”, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื,
00:50
wild corn lilies.
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ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืชื™ืจืก.
00:53
The lilies contained an active molecule with six connected rings
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ื”ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืฉืฉ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช
00:57
that they named cyclopamine in reference to the cyclops sheep.
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ืœื” ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
01:01
They didn't know exactly how cyclopamine caused the defect
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื’ื
01:06
but told ranchers to steer clear.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžืจื• ืœื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง.
01:09
It took about four decades before a team of biologists,
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
01:12
led by Professor Philip Beachy,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™,
01:14
stumbled upon the answer.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
01:16
His lab was studying a specific gene found in many species,
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ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ื—ืงืจื” ื’ืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื,
01:20
from mice to humans,
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ืžืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
01:22
called the hedgehog gene.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“.
01:25
It was named by two scientists, who later shared the Noble Prize for their work,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฉืžื• ืžืฉื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื• ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
01:30
who found that mutating this gene in fruit flies
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
01:33
produced pointy spikes like a hedgehog.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื™ืคื•ื“.
01:37
Beachy and his colleagues performed genetic modifications
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ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
01:40
to turn off the hedgehog genes in mice.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:43
This resulted in severe defects in the development
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื’ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
01:46
of their brains, organs, and eyes
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:49
or, rather, eye.
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ืื• ืœื™ื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืขื™ืŸ.
01:51
Then while perusing a textbook, Beachy came across photos of the cyclops sheep
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ, ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช
01:57
and realized what had eluded scientists for four decades.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื—ืžืง ืžืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
02:01
Something must have gone awry involving the hedgehog gene.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“.
02:05
Let's take a step back.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
02:06
Genes contain instructions that tell cells what to do and when to do it,
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ื’ื ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:12
and they communicate their directives using proteins.
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ื•ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
02:16
The hedgehog gene itself tells cells to release a so-called hedgehog protein,
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ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืคื•ื“,
02:21
which kicks off a complex series of cellular signals.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืชืื™ื™ื.
02:26
Here's how it works in normal healthy development.
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ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
02:29
Hedgehog protein latches on to a protein called patched.
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืื˜ืฆ'ื“.
02:32
That inhibits, or holds, patched back,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ื”, ืื• ืขื•ืฆืจ, ืืช ืคืื˜ืฆ'ื“,
02:36
allowing another protein called smoothened to freely signal the cells,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ื—ืœืง ืœืื•ืชืช ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืชืื™ื,
02:41
telling them where to go and what kind of tissues to become.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ืจืงืžื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš.
02:45
Cyclopamine, say in the form of a delicious corn lily,
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ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ืชื™ืจืก ื˜ืขื™ื,
02:49
interrupts this pathway by binding onto smoothened.
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ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ื—ืœืง.
02:53
That locks smoothened up so that it's unable to send the signals
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืขืœ ืืช ืžื•ื—ืœืง ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช
02:57
needed to mold the brain into two hemispheres,
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ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืกืคืจื•ืช,
03:00
and form fingers or separate eyes.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
03:04
So even though the hedgehog protein is still doing its job
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•
03:08
of keeping the way clear for smoothened,
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื—ืœืง,
03:10
cyclopamine blocks smoothened from passing along its chemical message.
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ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ืข ืžืžื•ื—ืœืง ืžืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
03:15
That settled the science behind the one-eyed sheep,
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ื–ื” ืคืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืช,
03:18
but Beachy and his team caught the glimmer
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆ'ื™ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ืœื›ื“ื• ื ื™ืฆื ื•ืฅ
03:20
of another more beneficial connection.
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ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ.
03:23
They noted that uncontrolled activation of the smoothened protein
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ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืง
03:27
was associated with a human syndrome.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™.
03:29
It's known as Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, and it predisposes people to certain cancers.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:36
The scientists proposed
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื•
03:37
putting cyclopamine's smoothened binding powers to good use
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”
03:42
as a treatment for these cancers,
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ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืืœื•,
03:44
as long as the patient wasn't pregnant.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
03:47
Unfortunately, researchers eventually found that cyclopamine
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
03:50
causes negative side effects,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
03:52
and its chemical properties make it difficult to work with.
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ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืชื•.
03:56
But they did discover that closely related molecules are safe and effective,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
04:00
and two of these drugs were approved in 2012 and 2015 as skin cancer medicines.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ 2012 ื• 2015 ื›ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
04:07
When those farmers first saw the cyclops sheep,
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืจืื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืงืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
04:10
they could have chalked it up to a freak genetic mutation and walked away.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื•ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:14
Instead, their decision to investigate turned a mystery into medicine
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื”
04:19
showing that sometimes there's more than meets the eye.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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