The strange case of the cyclops sheep - Tien Nguyen

1,768,621 views ・ 2017-10-03

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jeongann Song κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:07
In the 1950s, a group of ranchers in Idaho
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1950λ…„λŒ€μ— μ•„μ΄λ‹€ν˜Έμ˜ λͺ‡ λͺ©μž₯μ£ΌλŠ”
00:10
were baffled when their sheep gave birth to lambs with a singular deformity.
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μƒˆλΌ 양듀이 이둀적인 κΈ°ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚¬μ„ λ•Œ μ˜μ•„ν•΄ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
Mystified by these cyclops sheep,
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그듀은 μƒˆλΌ 양듀이 μ™Έλˆˆ κΈ°ν˜•μ„ κ°–κ³  νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 것에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œ
00:18
they called in scientists from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to investigate.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 농업 λΆ€μ„œμ˜ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
The researchers hypothesized that the pregnant ewes
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이 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μƒˆλΌλ₯Ό λ°΄ 양듀이
00:27
had snacked on poisonous birth defect-causing plants.
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μ„ μ²œμ„± κΈ°ν˜•μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν•˜λŠ” 식물을 μ„­μ·¨ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 μ„Έμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
They collected the local flora and fed samples to lab rats,
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그듀은 κ·Έ μ§€μ—­μ˜ 식물을 μ±„μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€ν—˜ μ₯λ“€μ—κ²Œ λ¨Ήμ—¬ λ³΄μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
00:35
but struggled to replicate the effect.
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같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ‚΄λŠ” 데 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ³  λ§μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:38
So they decided to directly observe the sheep
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ κ²°κ΅­ 양을 직접 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆκ³ 
00:41
with one scientist even living with the herd for three summers.
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ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μžλŠ” μ–‘λ–Όλ“€κ³Ό 무렀 3λ…„μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
After a decade of trial and error, the scientists finally found the culprit,
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10λ…„ κ°„μ˜ μ‹œν–‰μ°©μ˜€ 끝에 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄ 원인을 찾을 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:50
wild corn lilies.
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κ·Έ 원인은 야생 λ°±ν•©μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
The lilies contained an active molecule with six connected rings
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이 백합은 ν•œ ν™œμ„± λΆ„μžμ™€ 6개의 μ—°κ²° 고리λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°
00:57
that they named cyclopamine in reference to the cyclops sheep.
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ™Έλˆˆ κΈ°ν˜• μ–‘λ“€μ˜ 이름을 λ”°μ„œ μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ΄λΌκ³  이름을 μ§€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
They didn't know exactly how cyclopamine caused the defect
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ΄ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΈ°ν˜•μ„ μ΄ˆλž˜ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ°λžμ§€λ§Œ
01:06
but told ranchers to steer clear.
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λͺ©μž₯μ£Όλ“€μ—κ²Œ 백합을 μ–‘λ“€μ—κ²Œ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ 두지 말라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:09
It took about four decades before a team of biologists,
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이것은 μ•½ 40년이 κ±Έλ €
필립 λΉ„μΉ˜ ꡐ수의 μƒλ¬Όν•™μž νŒ€μ΄
01:12
led by Professor Philip Beachy,
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01:14
stumbled upon the answer.
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해닡을 찾게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
His lab was studying a specific gene found in many species,
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ꡐ수 νŒ€μ€ μ₯μ™€ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…μ—κ²Œμ„œ 발견된 ν•œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
01:20
from mice to humans,
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01:22
called the hedgehog gene.
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ μœ μ „μžλΌ λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
It was named by two scientists, who later shared the Noble Prize for their work,
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이 μœ μ „μžμ˜ 이름을 지어 μ€€ 두 κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ ν›—λ‚  곡둜λ₯Ό 인정 λ°›μ•„ 노벨상을 κ³΅λ™μˆ˜μƒν–ˆκ³ 
01:30
who found that mutating this gene in fruit flies
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초파리의 κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λ³€ν˜•μ‹œν‚€λ©΄
01:33
produced pointy spikes like a hedgehog.
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κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜μ²˜λŸΌ λΎ°μ‘±ν•œ κ°€μ‹œλ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” 점을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
Beachy and his colleagues performed genetic modifications
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λΉ„μΉ˜μ™€ 그의 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ€ μ₯κ°€ 가지고 μžˆλŠ”
01:40
to turn off the hedgehog genes in mice.
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κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό λΉ„ν™œμ„± μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
This resulted in severe defects in the development
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 신체 λΆ€μœ„ 쀑
01:46
of their brains, organs, and eyes
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λ‡Œ, μž₯κΈ° 그리고 눈,
01:49
or, rather, eye.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ λˆˆμ— μž₯μ• κ°€ μƒκΈ°κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
Then while perusing a textbook, Beachy came across photos of the cyclops sheep
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책을 읽던 쀑 λΉ„μΉ˜λŠ” μ™Έλˆˆ κΈ°ν˜• μ–‘μ˜ 사진을 보게 λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
무엇이 μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ„ 40λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ 속여 μ™”λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œκ²Œλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
and realized what had eluded scientists for four decades.
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02:01
Something must have gone awry involving the hedgehog gene.
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κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ μœ μ „μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 예츑이 λΉ—λ‚˜κ°„ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:05
Let's take a step back.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„κ°€ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:06
Genes contain instructions that tell cells what to do and when to do it,
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μœ μ „μžλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œ μ–Έμ œ 무엇을 할지 μ§€μ‹œλ₯Ό λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
and they communicate their directives using proteins.
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λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ 톡해 μ§€μ‹œ 사항을 μ†Œν†΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:16
The hedgehog gene itself tells cells to release a so-called hedgehog protein,
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κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ—κ²Œ 이λ₯Έλ°” κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ 내보내라고 μ§€μ‹œν•˜λ©°
02:21
which kicks off a complex series of cellular signals.
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μ΄λŠ” 일련의 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 세포 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Here's how it works in normal healthy development.
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λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ, 정상적인 μ„±μž₯ μ€‘μ—λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
Hedgehog protein latches on to a protein called patched.
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κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ€ νŒ¨μΉ˜λΌλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ— μžμ‹ μ„ κ³ μ •μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
That inhibits, or holds, patched back,
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μ΄λŠ” 그것을 μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³ 
02:36
allowing another protein called smoothened to freely signal the cells,
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이둜써 일λͺ… μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œλΌλŠ” λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μ„Έν¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ
02:41
telling them where to go and what kind of tissues to become.
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μ–΄λ””μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 쑰직이 λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ§€μ‹œν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
Cyclopamine, say in the form of a delicious corn lily,
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λ§›μžˆλŠ” 야생 λ°±ν•©μ˜ λͺ¨μŠ΅μ„ ν•œ μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ€
02:49
interrupts this pathway by binding onto smoothened.
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μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œμ— μžμ‹ μ„ κ³ μ •μ‹œμΌœ 이 ν†΅λ‘œλ₯Ό λ§‰μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
That locks smoothened up so that it's unable to send the signals
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μ΄λŠ” μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œλ₯Ό 가두어 λ‡Œλ₯Ό 반으둜 λ‚˜λˆ„κ³ 
02:57
needed to mold the brain into two hemispheres,
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손가락과 두 눈이 생기기 μœ„ν•΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내지 λͺ»ν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:00
and form fingers or separate eyes.
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03:04
So even though the hedgehog protein is still doing its job
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ³ μŠ΄λ„μΉ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄ μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œ 길의 μž₯애물을 μ—†μ• λŠ”
03:08
of keeping the way clear for smoothened,
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μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό μ‹€ν–‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ„μ§€λΌλ„
03:10
cyclopamine blocks smoothened from passing along its chemical message.
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μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ΄ μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œκ°€ 화확적인 μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 것을 λ§‰λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:15
That settled the science behind the one-eyed sheep,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ™Έλˆˆλ°•μ΄ 양에 λŒ€ν•œ 과학적인 뢀뢄은 μ •λ¦¬λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
03:18
but Beachy and his team caught the glimmer
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λΉ„μΉ˜μ™€ 그의 νŒ€μ€ ν•œ μœ μ΅ν•œ μ—°κ²° 관계λ₯Ό λˆˆμΉ˜μ±˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:20
of another more beneficial connection.
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03:23
They noted that uncontrolled activation of the smoothened protein
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œμ˜ ν†΅μ œ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ ν™œλ™μ΄
03:27
was associated with a human syndrome.
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ν•œ μ‹ λ“œλ‘¬κ³Ό 관계가 μžˆμŒμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
It's known as Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, and it predisposes people to certain cancers.
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그것은 λ°”λ‹₯세포λͺ¨λ°˜ μ¦ν›„κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ λͺ‡ κ°€μ§€μ˜ νŠΉμ •ν•œ 암에 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜κΈ° μ‰½κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
The scientists proposed
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
03:37
putting cyclopamine's smoothened binding powers to good use
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μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ˜ μŠ€λ¬΄λ“œ λ¬ΆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을
이 μ•”λ“€μ˜ 치료 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
as a treatment for these cancers,
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03:44
as long as the patient wasn't pregnant.
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단, ν™˜μžκ°€ μž„μ‹  쀑이지 μ•Šμ„ λ•Œλ§Œ 말이죠.
03:47
Unfortunately, researchers eventually found that cyclopamine
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μ•ˆνƒ€κΉκ²Œλ„ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ λ§ˆμΉ¨λ‚΄
03:50
causes negative side effects,
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μ‚¬μ΄ν΄λ‘œνŒŒλ―Όμ΄ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
03:52
and its chemical properties make it difficult to work with.
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그의 ν™”ν•™ 성뢄이 μž‘μ—…ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
But they did discover that closely related molecules are safe and effective,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관계가 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„μžλ“€μ€ μ•ˆμ „ν•˜κ³  νš¨κ³Όμ μž„μ„ κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜κ³ 
04:00
and two of these drugs were approved in 2012 and 2015 as skin cancer medicines.
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이 쀑 두 가지 μ•½ν’ˆμ€ 2012λ…„κ³Ό 2015년에 ν”ΌλΆ€μ•” μ•½ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μŠΉμΈλ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
When those farmers first saw the cyclops sheep,
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κ·Έ 농μž₯주듀이 처음 μ™Έλˆˆλ°•μ΄ 양듀을 보고
04:10
they could have chalked it up to a freak genetic mutation and walked away.
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κ·Έμ € κΈ°ν˜•μ μΈ μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜•μ΄λΌκ³  여겼을 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
Instead, their decision to investigate turned a mystery into medicine
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 선택에 μ˜ν•΄ ν•œ λΆˆκ°€μ‚¬μ˜λ₯Ό μ•½μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
04:19
showing that sometimes there's more than meets the eye.
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세상에 λˆˆμ— λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 이상이 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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