What is the biggest single-celled organism? - Murry Gans

788,828 views ใƒป 2016-08-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
The elephant is a creature of epic proportions,
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ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืืคื™ื™ื,
00:10
and yet it owes its enormity to more than 1,000 trillion microscopic cells,
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ืืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1,000 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื,
00:16
and on the epically small end of things,
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ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
00:18
there are likely millions of unicellular species,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื,
00:21
yet there are very few we can see with the naked eye.
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ืืš ืจืง ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืช.
00:25
Why is that?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
00:26
Why don't we get unicellular elephants,
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ืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืคื™ืœื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื,
00:28
or blue whales,
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ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
00:29
or brown bears?
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ืื• ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžื™ื?
00:31
To find out, we have to peer into a cell's guts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืชื•ืš ืงืจื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื.
00:34
This is where most of the cell's functions occur,
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ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื,
00:37
enclosed by a cellular membrane
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ืขื˜ื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืชื
00:40
that acts as the doorway into and out of the cell.
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืœืช ืืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื.
00:43
Any resources the cell needs to consume,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆืจื•ืš,
00:46
or waste products it needs to expel,
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ืื• ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง,
00:48
first have to pass through this membrane.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:51
But there's a biological quirk in this set up.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
00:54
A cell's surface and volume increase at different rates.
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ื”ื ืคื— ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:58
Cells come in many shapes,
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ืœืชืื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช,
01:00
but imagining them as cubes will make the math easy to calculate.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘.
01:05
A cube has six faces.
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ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉ ืคืื•ืช.
01:07
These represent the cell membrane, and make up its surface area.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:11
A cube measuring one micrometer on each side,
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ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื“,
01:14
that's one millionth of a meter,
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ื–ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ,
01:16
would have a total surface area of six square micrometers.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
01:21
And its volume would be one cubic micrometer.
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ื•ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ื“.
01:24
This would give us six units of surface area
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ื–ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื
01:26
for every single unit of volume,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื ืคื—,
01:28
a six to one ratio.
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ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ืœืื—ื“.
01:30
But things change dramatically if we make the cube ten times bigger,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ืคื™ ืขืฉืจื”,
01:35
measuring ten micrometers on each side.
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ื›ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“.
01:38
This cell would have a surface area of 600 square micrometers
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ืœืชื ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื— ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ 600 ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืขื™ื
01:41
and a volume of one thousand cubic micrometers,
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ื•ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ืืœืฃ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื,
01:45
a ratio of only .6 to one.
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ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืจืง 0.6 ืœืื—ื“.
01:48
That's less than one unit of surface area to service each unit of volume.
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ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืื—ืช ืฉืชืฉืจืช ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื—.
01:53
As the cube grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”, ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœื” ื’ื“ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:58
The interior would overtake the membrane,
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ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”,
02:02
leaving too little surface area for things to quickly move in and out of the cell.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉืื™ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื— ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชื.
02:08
A huge cell would back up with waste and eventually die and disintegrate.
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ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืชืžืœื ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืชืคืจืง.
02:13
There's another plus to having multitudes of smaller cells, too.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:18
It's hardly a tragedy if one gets punctured, infected, or destroyed.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืื ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื ืคื’ืข, ืื• ืžื•ืฉืžื“.
02:22
Now, there are some exceptionally large cells
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
02:26
that have adapted to cheat the system,
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ืฉื”ื•ืชืืžื• ืœืจืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
02:28
like the body's longest cell,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:30
a neuron that stretches from the base of the spine to the foot.
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืชืžืฉืš ืžื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืœืจื’ืœ.
02:35
To compensate for its length, it's really thin,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ื“ืง,
02:37
just a few micrometers in diameter.
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ.
02:40
Another example can be found in your small intestine,
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœื›ื,
02:43
where structures called villi fold up into little fingers.
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ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื ืœืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
02:47
Each villus is made of cells with highly folded membranes
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ื›ืœ ืกื™ืก ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืขื ืžืžื‘ืจื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืคืœื•ืช
02:51
that have tiny bumps called microvilli to increase their surface area.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช: ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:56
But what about single-celled organisms?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื?
02:59
Caulerpa taxifolia, a green algae that can reach 30 centimeters long,
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ืงืื•ืœืจืคื” ื˜ืงืกื™ืคื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืืฆื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 30 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ,
03:05
is believed to be the largest single-celled organism in the world
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ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
03:10
thanks to its unique biological hacks.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:12
Its surface area is enhanced with a frond-like structure.
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ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืœื” ืฉืกื•ืข.
03:16
It uses photosynthesis to assemble its own food molecules
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืœื”
03:20
and it's coenocytic.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืื ื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืช.
03:22
That means it's a single cell with multiple nuclei,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:26
making it like a multicellular organism but without the divisions between cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืจื‘ ืชืื™ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื™ื.
03:31
Yet even the biggest unicellular organisms have limits,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
03:35
and none grows nearly as large as the elephant, whale, or bear.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื’ื“ืœ ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ืœ, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืื• ื“ื•ื‘.
03:40
But within every big creature are trillions of minuscule cells
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชืื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
03:44
perfectly suited in all their tininess
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ื˜ื ื
03:47
to keeping the Earth's giants lumbering along.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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