What is the biggest single-celled organism? - Murry Gans

788,828 views ใƒป 2016-08-18

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hyunyoung Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : jiyoung kwon
00:07
The elephant is a creature of epic proportions,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์ง€๋งŒ
00:10
and yet it owes its enormity to more than 1,000 trillion microscopic cells,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•จ์€ 1,000์กฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
and on the epically small end of things,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ๋Š”
00:18
there are likely millions of unicellular species,
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
yet there are very few we can see with the naked eye.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋งจ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
Why is that?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
00:26
Why don't we get unicellular elephants,
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์™œ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜
00:28
or blue whales,
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ํŒŒ๋ž€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋‚˜
00:29
or brown bears?
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๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๊ณฐ์ด ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:31
To find out, we have to peer into a cell's guts.
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๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์†Œํ™”๊ด€์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
This is where most of the cell's functions occur,
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์ด ๊ณณ์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
enclosed by a cellular membrane
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š”
00:40
that acts as the doorway into and out of the cell.
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ํ†ต๋กœ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:43
Any resources the cell needs to consume,
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ž์›๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
00:46
or waste products it needs to expel,
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์ถ•์ถœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธํ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
00:48
first have to pass through this membrane.
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๋จผ์ € ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
But there's a biological quirk in this set up.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ํŠน์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
A cell's surface and volume increase at different rates.
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์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
Cells come in many shapes,
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:00
but imagining them as cubes will make the math easy to calculate.
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๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:05
A cube has six faces.
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์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ฃ .
01:07
These represent the cell membrane, and make up its surface area.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ฒ‰๋„“์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
A cube measuring one micrometer on each side,
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์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์€ 1๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ
01:14
that's one millionth of a meter,
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1๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ 100๋งŒ๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด๊ณ 
01:16
would have a total surface area of six square micrometers.
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์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์€ 6ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And its volume would be one cubic micrometer.
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์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” 1์ž…๋ฐฉ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:24
This would give us six units of surface area
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์ด๋Š” 6๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ด
01:26
for every single unit of volume,
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1๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”
01:28
a six to one ratio.
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6๋Œ€1์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ž„์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
But things change dramatically if we make the cube ten times bigger,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—ด ๋ฐฐ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
measuring ten micrometers on each side.
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ํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด 10๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
01:38
This cell would have a surface area of 600 square micrometers
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์ด ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์€ 600ํ‰๋ฐฉ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ 
01:41
and a volume of one thousand cubic micrometers,
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๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” 1,000์ž…๋ฐฉ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉฐ
01:45
a ratio of only .6 to one.
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๊ทธ ๋น„์œจ์€ 0.6๋Œ€ 1์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
That's less than one unit of surface area to service each unit of volume.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ ๋‹น ๋‹จ์œ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
As the cube grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.
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์ •์œก๋ฉด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ปค์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
The interior would overtake the membrane,
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๊ทธ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
02:02
leaving too little surface area for things to quickly move in and out of the cell.
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๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์™ธ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ข์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
A huge cell would back up with waste and eventually die and disintegrate.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋…ธํ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ๊ณ  ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
There's another plus to having multitudes of smaller cells, too.
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์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๋•Œ ์žฅ์ ์€ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
It's hardly a tragedy if one gets punctured, infected, or destroyed.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์„ธํฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐข์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜์–ด๋„ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
Now, there are some exceptionally large cells
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์ž, ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ํฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€
02:26
that have adapted to cheat the system,
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์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์†์ด๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
like the body's longest cell,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด ์„ธํฌ์ธ
02:30
a neuron that stretches from the base of the spine to the foot.
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์ฒ™์ถ”์˜ ๋งจ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ป—์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
02:35
To compensate for its length, it's really thin,
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๊ทธ ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„์ฒญ ๊ฐ€๋Š˜๋ฉฐ
02:37
just a few micrometers in diameter.
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์ง๊ฒฝ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
Another example can be found in your small intestine,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œตํ„ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€
02:43
where structures called villi fold up into little fingers.
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์ž‘์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Each villus is made of cells with highly folded membranes
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์œตํ„ธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํœœ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
that have tiny bumps called microvilli to increase their surface area.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋„“ํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œต๋ชจ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋Œ์ถœ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
But what about single-celled organisms?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
02:59
Caulerpa taxifolia, a green algae that can reach 30 centimeters long,
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30cm๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธธ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…น์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ์ฝœ๋ŸฌํŒŒ ํƒ์‹œํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š”
03:05
is believed to be the largest single-celled organism in the world
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์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‹จ์œ„ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
thanks to its unique biological hacks.
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์ง• ๋•๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
03:12
Its surface area is enhanced with a frond-like structure.
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์ด ๋…น์กฐ๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์€ ์—ฝ๋ก์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
It uses photosynthesis to assemble its own food molecules
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
03:20
and it's coenocytic.
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๋‹คํ•ต์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
That means it's a single cell with multiple nuclei,
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๋‹ค์ค‘ํ•ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹จ์ผ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
making it like a multicellular organism but without the divisions between cells.
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์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:31
Yet even the biggest unicellular organisms have limits,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‹จ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
and none grows nearly as large as the elephant, whale, or bear.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜, ๊ณฐ๋งŒํผ ์ปค์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
But within every big creature are trillions of minuscule cells
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์กฐ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์•ˆ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
perfectly suited in all their tininess
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์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
03:47
to keeping the Earth's giants lumbering along.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•จ์— ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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