What is the biggest single-celled organism? - Murry Gans

795,648 views ・ 2016-08-18

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Hyunyoung Park κ²€ν† : jiyoung kwon
00:07
The elephant is a creature of epic proportions,
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μ½”λΌλ¦¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 크기λ₯Ό 가진 μƒλ¬Όμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
00:10
and yet it owes its enormity to more than 1,000 trillion microscopic cells,
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μ½”λΌλ¦¬μ˜ κ±°λŒ€ν•¨μ€ 1,000μ‘° μ΄μƒμ˜ λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 세포듀 λ•λΆ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:16
and on the epically small end of things,
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그리고 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ μž‘μ€ μƒλ¬Όλ“€λ‘œλŠ”
00:18
there are likely millions of unicellular species,
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수백만의 단세포 쒅듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
yet there are very few we can see with the naked eye.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ 맨 눈으둜 λ³Ό 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
Why is that?
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ΄κΉŒμš”?
00:26
Why don't we get unicellular elephants,
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μ™œ λ‹¨μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ½”λΌλ¦¬λ‚˜
00:28
or blue whales,
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νŒŒλž€ κ³ λž˜λ‚˜
00:29
or brown bears?
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κ°ˆμƒ‰ 곰이 μ—†μ„κΉŒμš”?
00:31
To find out, we have to peer into a cell's guts.
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닡을 μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ†Œν™”κ΄€μ„ 듀여닀보아야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
This is where most of the cell's functions occur,
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이 곳은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ„Έν¬μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯듀이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ³΅κ°„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:37
enclosed by a cellular membrane
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ μ•ˆκ³Ό λ°–μœΌλ‘œ ν†΅ν•˜λŠ”
00:40
that acts as the doorway into and out of the cell.
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ν†΅λ‘œμ˜ 역할을 ν•˜λŠ” 세포막에 λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ 있죠.
00:43
Any resources the cell needs to consume,
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세포가 μ†ŒλΉ„ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μžμ›λ“€μ΄λ‚˜
00:46
or waste products it needs to expel,
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μΆ•μΆœν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 노폐물듀은
00:48
first have to pass through this membrane.
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λ¨Όμ € 세포막을 톡과해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:51
But there's a biological quirk in this set up.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 κ³Όμ •μ—λŠ” 생물학적인 특이점이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
A cell's surface and volume increase at different rates.
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μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄κ³Ό λΆ€ν”ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉ„μœ¨λ‘œ μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
Cells come in many shapes,
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세포듀은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:00
but imagining them as cubes will make the math easy to calculate.
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계산을 μ‰½κ²Œ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 그듀이 μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄λΌκ³  μƒμƒν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
01:05
A cube has six faces.
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μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄λŠ” μ—¬μ„― 면을 가지죠.
01:07
These represent the cell membrane, and make up its surface area.
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이것듀은 세포막을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄κ³  겉넓이λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
A cube measuring one micrometer on each side,
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μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄μ˜ 각 변은 1λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°
01:14
that's one millionth of a meter,
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1λ―Έν„°μ˜ 100λ§ŒλΆ„μ˜ 1이고
01:16
would have a total surface area of six square micrometers.
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총 ν‘œλ©΄μ μ€ 6ν‰λ°©λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
And its volume would be one cubic micrometer.
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μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄μ˜ λΆ€ν”ΌλŠ” 1μž…λ°©λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ 되죠.
01:24
This would give us six units of surface area
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μ΄λŠ” 6λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ΄
01:26
for every single unit of volume,
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1λ‹¨μœ„μ˜ 뢀피에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ”
01:28
a six to one ratio.
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6λŒ€1의 λΉ„μœ¨μž„μ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
But things change dramatically if we make the cube ten times bigger,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄κ°€ μ—΄ λ°° 컀지면 상황이 κΈ‰κ²©ν•˜κ²Œ λ³€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
measuring ten micrometers on each side.
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ν•œ 변이 10λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ 되죠.
01:38
This cell would have a surface area of 600 square micrometers
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이 μ„Έν¬μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ€ 600ν‰λ°©λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ 되고
01:41
and a volume of one thousand cubic micrometers,
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λΆ€ν”ΌλŠ” 1,000μž…λ°©λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°κ°€ 되며
01:45
a ratio of only .6 to one.
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κ·Έ λΉ„μœ¨μ€ 0.6λŒ€ 1μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
That's less than one unit of surface area to service each unit of volume.
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹¨μœ„ λΆ€ν”Ό λ‹Ή λ‹¨μœ„ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ˜ λΉ„μœ¨λ³΄λ‹€ μž‘μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
As the cube grows, its volume increases much faster than its surface area.
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μ •μœ‘λ©΄μ²΄κ°€ 컀질수둝 λΆ€ν”ΌλŠ” ν‘œλ©΄μ λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 빨리 μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
The interior would overtake the membrane,
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κ·Έ λ‚΄λΆ€λŠ” 세포막을 λ”°λΌμž‘κ²Œ 되고
02:02
leaving too little surface area for things to quickly move in and out of the cell.
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λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ 세포 λ‚΄μ™Έλ‘œ μ΄λ™ν•˜κΈ° νž˜λ“€ μ •λ„λ‘œ 쒁은 κ³΅κ°„λ§Œμ΄ λ‚¨κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
A huge cell would back up with waste and eventually die and disintegrate.
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κ±°λŒ€ν•œ μ„Έν¬λŠ” λ…Ένλ¬Όλ‘œ κ°€λ“μ°¨κ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ κ²°κ΅­ μ£½κ³  λΆ„ν•΄λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:13
There's another plus to having multitudes of smaller cells, too.
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μž‘μ€ 세포듀을 λ‹€μ€‘μœΌλ‘œ κ°€μ§ˆ λ•Œ μž₯점은 더 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
It's hardly a tragedy if one gets punctured, infected, or destroyed.
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λ§Œμ•½μ— 세포 ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ μ°’μ–΄μ§€κ±°λ‚˜, 감염 λ˜λŠ” νŒŒκ΄΄λ˜μ–΄λ„ 큰 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
Now, there are some exceptionally large cells
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자, λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ μœ λ‚œνžˆ 큰 세포듀은
02:26
that have adapted to cheat the system,
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 속이도둝 λ˜μ–΄μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
like the body's longest cell,
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마치 λͺΈμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ κΈ΄ 세포인
02:30
a neuron that stretches from the base of the spine to the foot.
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μ²™μΆ”μ˜ 맨 μ•„λž˜ λΆ€λΆ„λΆ€ν„° λ°œλκΉŒμ§€ λ»—μ–΄μžˆλŠ” λ‰΄λŸ°μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
02:35
To compensate for its length, it's really thin,
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κ·Έ 길이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ™„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 그것은 μ—„μ²­ κ°€λŠ˜λ©°
02:37
just a few micrometers in diameter.
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직경은 단지 λͺ‡ λ§ˆμ΄ν¬λ‘œλ―Έν„°μ— λΆˆκ³Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Another example can be found in your small intestine,
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜ˆλŠ” μ†Œμž₯에 μžˆλŠ” μœ΅ν„Έκ΅¬μ‘°κ°€
02:43
where structures called villi fold up into little fingers.
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μž‘μ€ μ†κ°€λ½λ§Œν•˜κ²Œ μ ‘μ–΄μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:47
Each villus is made of cells with highly folded membranes
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각각의 μœ΅ν„Έμ€ 크게 휜 μ„Έν¬λ“€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
that have tiny bumps called microvilli to increase their surface area.
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세포듀은 ν‘œλ©΄μ μ„ λ„“νžˆκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ―Έμ„Έμœ΅λͺ¨λΌλŠ” μž‘μ€ λŒμΆœλΆ€λ₯Ό κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
But what about single-celled organisms?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‹¨μœ„ 세포 생물은 μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
02:59
Caulerpa taxifolia, a green algae that can reach 30 centimeters long,
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30cmκΉŒμ§€ κΈΈμ–΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” λ…Ήμ‘°λ₯˜ 콜러파 νƒμ‹œν΄λ¦¬μ•„λŠ”
03:05
is believed to be the largest single-celled organism in the world
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μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 큰 λ‹¨μœ„ 세포 μƒλ¬Όλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
thanks to its unique biological hacks.
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이 μƒλ¬Όμ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ 생물학적 νŠΉμ§• 덕뢄이죠.
03:12
Its surface area is enhanced with a frond-like structure.
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이 λ…Ήμ‘°λ₯˜μ˜ ν‘œλ©΄μ μ€ 엽둝체 ꡬ쑰에 μ˜ν•΄ μ¦κ°€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
It uses photosynthesis to assemble its own food molecules
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ‹ν’ˆ λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λͺ¨μœΌκΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 광합성을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³ 
03:20
and it's coenocytic.
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λ‹€ν•΅μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
That means it's a single cell with multiple nuclei,
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닀쀑핡을 가진 단일 μ„Έν¬λΌλŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
making it like a multicellular organism but without the divisions between cells.
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세포뢄열을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 닀세포 μƒλ¬Όμ²˜λŸΌ λ§Œλ“€λ©΄μ„œ 말이죠.
03:31
Yet even the biggest unicellular organisms have limits,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 심지어 κ°€μž₯ 큰 단세포 생물도 ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ°€μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
and none grows nearly as large as the elephant, whale, or bear.
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그리고 μ–΄λ–€ 것도 μ½”λΌλ¦¬λ‚˜ 고래, 곰만큼 컀질 μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
But within every big creature are trillions of minuscule cells
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 수쑰 개의 λ―Έμ„Έ 세포듀이 κ±°λŒ€ν•œ 생λͺ…체 μ•ˆμ— μ‘΄μž¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
perfectly suited in all their tininess
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μ§€κ΅¬μ˜ κ±°λŒ€ 동물듀을 μœ„ν•΄
03:47
to keeping the Earth's giants lumbering along.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μžκ·Έλ§ˆν•¨μ— μ™„λ²½νžˆ μ ν•©ν•œ 채 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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