The history of the barometer (and how it works) - Asaf Bar-Yosef

2,184,433 views ใƒป 2014-07-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Aristotle famously said, "Nature fears of empty space"
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ืืžื™ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื, "ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง"
00:11
when he claimed that a true vacuum, a space devoid of matter, could not exist
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืืงื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื—ืœืœ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
00:16
because the surrounding matter would immediately fill it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื™ืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื™ื“.
00:19
Fortunately, he turned out to be wrong.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:21
A vacuum is a key component of the barometer,
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ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ,
00:25
an instrument for measuring air pressure.
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ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ.
00:27
And because air pressure correlates to temperature
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื—ืฅ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืื™ื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
00:30
and rapid shifts in it can contribute to
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื
ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืงื ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืจื ื“ื• ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
00:32
hurricanes, tornadoes and other extreme weather events,
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00:35
a barometer is one of the most essential tools
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ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:38
for weather forecasters and scientists alike.
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ืœื—ื–ืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื.
00:41
How does a barometer work, and how was it invented?
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ืื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื?
00:44
Well, it took awhile.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ.
00:46
Because the theory of Aristotle and other ancient philosophers
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
00:49
regarding the impossibility of a vacuum seemed to hold true in everyday life,
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
00:54
few seriously thought to question it for nearly 2,000 years --
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ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ 2,000 ืฉื ื” --
00:59
until necessity raised the issue.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
01:01
In the early 17th century, Italian miners faced a serious problem
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 17, ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”
01:05
when they found that their pumps could not raise water
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื ืžื™ื
01:08
more than 10.3 meters high.
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ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10.3 ืžื˜ืจ.
01:10
Some scientists at the time, including one Galileo Galilei,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™,
01:14
proposed that sucking air out of the pipe was what made water rise to replace the void.
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ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืฉืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืžื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืง.
01:20
But that its force was limited and could lift no more than 10.3 meters of water.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 10.3 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
01:25
However, the idea of a vacuum existing at all
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืงื™ื™ื
01:28
was still considered controversial.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:30
And the excitement over Galileo's unorthodox theory,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•,
01:33
led Gasparo Berti to conduct a simple but brilliant experiment
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื’ืกืคืืจื“ื• ื‘ืจื˜ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื‘ืœ ื’ืื•ื ื™
01:38
to demonstrate that it was possible.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
01:40
A long tube was filled with water
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ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืžื•ืœื ืžื™ื
01:42
and placed standing in a shallow pool with both ends plugged.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื— ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ืคืงื•ืงื™ื.
01:46
The bottom end of the tube was then opened
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื ืคืชื— ืื–
01:48
and water poured out into the basin
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื ืฉืคื›ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”
01:51
until the level of the water remaining in the tube was 10.3 meters.
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ืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” 10.3 ืžื˜ืจ.
01:56
With a gap remaining at the top, and no air having entered the tube,
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ืขื ืคืขืจ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืžืขืœ, ื›ืฉืฉื•ื ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
02:00
Berti had succeeded in directly creating a stable vacuum.
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ื‘ืจื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืืงื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
02:04
But even though the possibility of a vacuum had been demonstrated,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื”,
02:08
not everyone was satisfied with Galileo's idea
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•
02:11
that this empty void was exerting some mysterious
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ืฉื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžืกืชื•ืจื™
02:14
yet finite force on the water.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื.
02:16
Evangelista Torricelli, Galileo's young pupil and friend,
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ืื•ื•ื ื’'ืœื™ืกื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื•,
02:20
decided to look at the problem from a different angle.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
02:23
Instead of focusing on the empty space inside the tube,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
02:27
he asked himself, "What else could be influencing the water?"
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, "ืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื?"
02:30
Because the only thing in contact with the water was the air surrounding the pool,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”,
02:34
he believed the pressure from this air could be the only thing preventing
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื ืข
02:38
the water level in the tube from dropping further.
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ืžืจืžืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืจื“ืช ืขื•ื“.
02:41
He realized that the experiment was not only a tool to create a vacuum,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื›ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื•ืืงื•ื,
02:45
but operated as a balance
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ืืœื ืคืขืœ ื›ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ
02:47
between the atmospheric pressure on the water outside the tube
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจ
02:50
and the pressure from the water column inside the tube.
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืžืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ.
02:53
The water level in the tube decreases until the two pressures are equal,
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ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ื•,
02:58
which just happens to be when the water is at 10.3 meters.
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ 10.3 ืžื˜ืจ.
03:02
This idea was not easily accepted,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
03:04
as Galileo and others had traditionally thought
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
03:07
that atmospheric air has no weight and exerts no pressure.
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ืฉืœืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ.
03:12
Torricelli decided to repeat Berti's experiment
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ื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆ'ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื˜ื™
03:14
with mercury instead of water.
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ืขื ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื.
03:16
Because mercury was denser, it fell farther than the water
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ืกืคื™ืช ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ื
03:20
and the mercury column stood only about 76 centimeters tall.
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ื•ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ืขืžื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 76 ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:23
Not only did this allow Torricelli to make the instrument much more compact,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
03:28
it supported his idea that weight was the deciding factor.
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ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข.
03:32
A variation on the experiment used two tubes with one having a large bubble at the top.
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ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื‘ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
03:37
If Galileo's interpretation had been correct, the bigger vacuum in the second tube
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ืื ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
03:42
should have exerted more suction and lifted the mercury higher.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื™ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:45
But the level in both tubes was the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื”.
03:48
The ultimate support for Torricelli's theory came via Blaise Pascal
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ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™ ื‘ืื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื™ื– ืคืืกืงืœ
03:53
who had such a mercury tube taken up a mountain
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ืฉืœืงื— ื›ื–ื” ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืจ
03:56
and showed that the mercury level dropped
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ื•ื”ืจืื” ืฉืจืžืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื”
03:58
as the atmospheric pressure decreased with altitude.
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืจื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื”.
04:02
Mercury barometers based on Torricelli's original model
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ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™
04:05
remained one of the most common ways to measure atmospheric pressure until 2007
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ื ืฉืืจื• ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืขื“ 2007
04:10
when restrictions on the use of mercury due to its toxicity
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”
04:13
led to them no longer being produced in Europe.
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
04:16
Nevertheless, Torricelli's invention,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฆ'ืœื™,
04:18
born of the willingness to question long accepted dogmas
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ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืžื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
04:22
about vacuums and the weight of air, is an outstanding example
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ืขืœ ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
04:25
of how thinking outside of the box -- or the tube --
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ืœืื™ืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื” -- ืื• ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ --
04:29
can have a heavy impact.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžืื•ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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