Why extremophiles bode well for life beyond Earth - Louisa Preston

140,753 views ใƒป 2013-10-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:06
We've all seen movies
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืกืจื˜ื™ื
00:07
about terrible insects from outer space
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ืขืœ ื—ืจืงื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ
00:09
or stories of abduction by little green men,
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ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
00:12
but the study of life in the universe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
00:14
including the possibility of extraterrestrial life,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื,
00:16
is also a serious, scientific pursuit.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื“ืขื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
00:20
Astrobiology draws on diverse fields,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื,
00:23
such as physics,
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ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืกื™ืงื”,
00:24
biology,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:25
astronomy,
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
00:26
and geology,
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ื•ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:27
to study how life was formed on Earth,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:29
how it could form elsewhere,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
00:31
and how we might detect it.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื•ืœื™ ื ื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื.
00:33
Many ancient religions described
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ื“ืชื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืืจื•ืช
00:35
other worlds inhabited by known human beings,
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ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื,
00:38
but these are more like mythical realms
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
00:40
or parallel universes
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ืื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื
00:41
than other planets existing
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ืžืืฉืจ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
00:42
in the same physical world.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ืœื ืคื™ืกื™ ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
00:44
It is only within the last century
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
00:46
that scientists have been able
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ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
00:47
to seriously undertake the search
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช
00:49
for extraterrestrial life.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื.
00:51
We know that at the most basic level
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:53
organisms on Earth need three things:
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
00:55
liquid water,
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ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื,
00:56
a source of energy,
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ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:57
and organic, carbon-based material.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืคื—ืžืŸ.
01:00
We also know that the Earth
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:01
is just the right distance from the Sun,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:03
so as not to be either frozen or molten.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืงืคื•ื ืื• ืžื•ืชืš.
01:06
So, planets within such a habitable range
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ืื–, ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื›ื–ื”
01:08
from their own stars
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ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:09
may be able to support life.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:13
But while we used to think
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
01:14
that life could only exist
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
01:15
in such Earth-like environments,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื›ืืœื”,
01:17
one of the most amazing discoveries of astrobiology
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:20
has been just how versatile life is.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
01:22
We now know that life can thrive
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’
01:24
in some of the most extreme environments
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช
01:26
that'd be fatal for most known organisms.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
01:28
Life is found everywhere,
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
01:30
from black smoke of hydrothermal vents
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ืžืขืฉืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืชืจืžื™ื™ื
01:32
in the dark depths of Earth's oceans,
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ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
01:34
to bubbling, hot, acidic springs
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ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื
01:36
on the flanks of volcanoes,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ,
01:38
to high up in the atmosphere.
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ืœื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:40
Organisms that live in these challenging environments
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ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:43
are called extremophiles,
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืงืกื˜ืจื™ืžื•ืคื™ืœื™ื,
01:45
and they can survive at extremes
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
01:46
of temperature,
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ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”,
01:47
pressure,
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ืœื—ืฅ,
01:48
and radiation,
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ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”,
01:49
as well as salinity,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช,
01:50
acidity,
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ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืช,
01:51
and limited availability of sunlight,
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ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
01:53
water,
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ืžื™ื,
01:54
or oxygen.
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ืื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
01:56
What is most remarkable about these extremophiles
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืงืกื˜ืจื™ืžื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:59
is that they are found thriving in environments
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
02:01
that mimic those on alien worlds.
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ืฉืžื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื.
02:03
One of the most important of these worlds
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ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
02:05
is our red and dusty neighbor, Mars.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืง ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืื“ื™ื.
02:08
Today, astrobiologists are exploring places
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
02:11
where life might once have existed on Mars
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื
02:14
using NASA's Curiosity rover.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ื•ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืืกื.
02:16
One of these is Gale Crater,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืชืฉ ื’ื™ื™ืœ,
02:18
an impact crater created
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ืžื›ืชืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
02:20
when a meteor hit the surface of Mars
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ื›ืฉืžื˜ืื•ืจ ืคื’ืข ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื
02:21
nearly 3.8 billions years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ 3.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:24
Evidence from orbit suggest past traces of water,
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
02:27
which means the crater
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžื›ืชืฉ
02:28
might once have supported life.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืžืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:31
Planets are not the only places
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ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
02:32
astrobiologists are looking at.
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ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
02:34
For example, Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง,
02:37
and Enceladus and Titan,
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ื•ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก ื•ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ,
02:39
two of Saturn's moons,
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
02:40
are all exciting possibilities.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
02:42
Although these moons are extremely cold
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื
02:45
and two are covered in thick ice,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ืงืจื— ืขื‘ื”,
02:46
there is evidence of liquid oceans beneath the shell.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื”.
02:50
Could life be floating around in these oceans,
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ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:52
or could it be living around black smoker
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
02:54
vents at the bottom?
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช?
02:57
Titan is particularly promising
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ื˜ื™ื˜ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
02:59
as it has an atmosphere
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
03:00
and Earth-like lakes, seas, and rivers
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ื•ืื’ืžื™ื, ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
03:02
flowing across the surface.
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ืฉื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:04
It is very cold, however,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจ, ืขื ื–ืืช,
03:05
too cold for liquid water,
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ืงืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื,
03:07
so these rivers may instead be flowing
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ืื– ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื
03:09
with liquid hydrocarbons
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ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื
03:10
such as methane and ethane.
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ื›ืžื• ืžืชืืŸ ืื• ืืชืืŸ.
03:12
These are composed of hydrogen,
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ืืœื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื™ืžืŸ,
03:14
and, more importantly, carbon,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
03:16
which is the basic building block
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
03:18
of all life as we know it.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
03:20
So, could life be found in these lakes?
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ืื–, ื”ืื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
03:22
Although instruments are being designed
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื
03:24
to study these distant worlds,
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:26
it takes many years to build them
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ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื
03:28
and even longer to get them
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ื•ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื
03:29
where they need to be.
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ืœืืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื.
03:31
In the meantime, astrobiologists work
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
03:33
in our own natural laboratory, the Earth,
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
03:35
to learn about all the weird
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
03:37
and wonderful forms of life that can exist
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ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
03:39
and to help us one day answer
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
03:40
one of humanity's oldest questions:
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ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช:
03:43
Are we alone?
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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