What you can do with an extra jaw - Darien Satterfield

359,270 views ใƒป 2021-06-29

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
After stalking an unsuspecting cuttlefish across the seafloor,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:12
this moray eel is finally ready to pounce.
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ืฆืœื•ืคื— ื”ืžื•ืจื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื ืง ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
00:16
As the eel snags the mollusk in its long teeth,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆืœื•ืคื— ืชื•ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช,
00:19
its prey struggles to escape.
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ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื• ืžืชืืžืฅ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—.
00:21
But before it can wriggle away,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
00:23
a second set of teeth lunge from the eel's throat,
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ืกื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื–ื ืง ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื—,
00:27
making short work of the captive cuttlefish.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฆืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ื“.
00:31
This adaptation is called a pharyngeal jaw.
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช ืœืกืช ืœื•ืขื™ืช.
00:35
And while it might seem more fitting for an alien parasite than a fish,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื“ื’,
00:39
it's actually one of the most common adaptations under the sea.
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ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื.
00:44
At some point millions of years ago,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:47
early fish evolved a jointed oral jaw from one of the bony arches
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืœืกืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืคื” ืžืื—ืช ืžืงืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื
00:52
that supported their frontal gills.
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ืฉืชืžื›ื” ื‘ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:54
This exterior, oral jaw was perfect for capturing or chewing prey,
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ื”ืœืกืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืื• ืœืขื™ืกืช ื˜ืจืฃ,
01:00
but these early fish had a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื”.
01:02
They had no limbs to manipulate food while eating,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื›ืœื•,
01:06
making it easy for their mobile prey to escape
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืจืฃ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืจื•ื—
01:09
before they took the first bite.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:11
Essentially, it was impossible for fish to capture and chew their prey
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœืœืขื•ืก ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื
01:16
at the same time with just one set of jaws.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ืœืกืชื•ืช.
01:20
So to hold their food and eat it too,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
01:23
an even deeper gill arch evolved into a secondary set of jaws.
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ื–ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกื˜ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœืกืชื•ืช.
01:29
Unlike oral jaws connected by a bone joint,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืœืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืคื” ืฉืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆื,
01:32
these pharyngeal jaws were suspended in muscle,
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ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ,
01:36
offering them a wide range of motion to turn, tug, and tear on food.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื•ืงืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:42
Some pharyngeal jaws actively chew,
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ื›ืžื” ืœืกืชื•ืช ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืขืกื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
01:45
while others retract to pull chunks of food down the throat.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ืจื•ืŸ.
01:50
Of course, the teeth a jaw has also factor in here.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืœืกืช ื’ื ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคื”.
01:54
For example, an oral jaw with fangs is exceptional for catching and holding
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืกืช ื‘ืคื” ืขื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง
02:00
on to fast-moving prey.
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ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:02
But depending on what that prey is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ื”ื˜ืจืฃ,
02:05
a fish might want sharp pharyngeal teeth to tear through tissue,
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ื“ื’ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืจืงืžื•ืช,
02:10
flat pharyngeal molars to grind plant matter,
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฆืžื—ื™,
02:13
or a powerful pharyngeal bite to crush shelled prey.
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ืื• ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื•ืขื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืกืง ื˜ืจืฃ ืขื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช.
02:19
Fortunately some fishes can change their secondary teeth
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:22
to match a new diet over several years.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช.
02:26
This flexibility allows fish to adapt
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ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชืื™ื
02:29
and find food in a huge variety of aquatic environments.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:33
Some pharyngeal jaws have formed to eat food too hard for most fishes.
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ื›ืžื” ืœืกืชื•ืช ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:38
California Sheephead use pointed teeth from their oral jaws
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ืจืืฉ ื›ื‘ืฉ ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืœืกืช ื‘ืคื”
02:42
to pry urchins off rocks before crushing their spiny exteriors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืชืง ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื™ื ืžืกืœืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืจืกืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ื“ื•ืงืจื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื
02:47
in strong pharyngeal jaws that have fused with the bones of their skulls.
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ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืช ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืื—ื• ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:52
Other fish prioritize eating huge quantities of food.
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:57
The pharyngeal jaws of grass carp have two bone components
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ืœืœืกืช ื”ืœื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืคื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช
03:01
that move in unison to pull plant life into their stomachs,
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:06
consuming over 18 kilograms of seaweed a day.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 18 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:10
Other pharyngeal jaws are adapted to suit incredibly specific circumstances.
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ืœืกืชื•ืช ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื.
03:16
Consider this species of pearlfish that lives inside sea cucumbers
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืœืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ื
03:21
and feeds on their guts.
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ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
03:24
Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates
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ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช
03:26
with over 30,000 unique species,
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 30,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
03:29
and much of that diversity is due to the hundreds of unique jaws
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืื•ืช ืœืกืชื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
03:34
separating otherwise identical species.
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ืฉืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจืช.
03:37
Perhaps the best example of this dental diversity can be seen in cichlids.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ื ื™ื.
03:43
This family of fish is primarily found in select African and South American lakes.
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืื’ืžื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
03:48
Typically, large lakes like these would be occupied
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™, ืื’ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ื™ืื•ื›ืœืกื•
03:52
by a handful of distantly related species,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื•ื—ืง,
03:55
each adapted to consume one of the lake's limited food sources.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืื’ื.
03:59
But here, almost every corner of the ecosystem
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื”
04:03
is occupied by a different species of cichlid.
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ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
04:06
There are over 1,700 cichlid species,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1,700 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื ื™ื,
04:10
many almost identical save for their uniquely adapted jaws
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืžืœืชืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:15
which have evolved to eat crustaceans, mollusks, worms, algae, plankton,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื, ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืœืขื™ื, ืืฆื•ืช, ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:21
and even the scales of other fish.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฉืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:24
These oral adaptations are so essential for survival,
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ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ืœืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช,
04:27
that different species use their pharyngeal jaws
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ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:30
to make unique mating sounds
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื
04:33
that allow female cichlids to identify males of their own species.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:38
This technique limits interspecies breeding,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืจื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
04:40
and ensures the parent fish will pass on their specialized jaws.
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ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืœืกืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:45
Scientists are still discovering all the ways
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื
04:48
this incredible skeletal mechanism functions.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.
04:51
But given what we know already, it's fair to say that for most fish,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
04:56
two jaws are better than one.
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ืฉืชื™ ืœืกืชื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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