Why are US cities still so segregated? - Kevin Ehrman-Solberg and Kirsten Delegard

441,989 views ใƒป 2022-03-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:07
On October 21st, 1909, 125 residents of an affluent Minneapolis neighborhood
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ื‘ 21 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ, 1909, 125 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืืคื•ืœื™ืก
00:13
approached William Simpson, whoโ€™d just bought a plot in the area,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื ื” ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ,
00:17
and told him to leave.
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
00:19
The Simpsons would be the second Black family
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ื”ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
00:22
in the otherwise white neighborhood, where they intended to build a home.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื ื”, ืฉื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช.
00:26
When the Simpsons refused offers to buy them out,
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ื ื™ื ืกืจื‘ื• ืœืžื›ื•ืจ,
00:29
their neighbors tried blocking their homeโ€™s construction.
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:33
They finally moved into their house, but the incident had a ripple effect.
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืงืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ.
00:37
Just a few months after the mob harassed the Simpsons,
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ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืืคื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคืกื•ื ื™ื,
00:41
the first racially restrictive covenant was put into place in Minneapolis.
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ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืืคื•ืœื™ืก.
00:46
Covenants are agreements in property deeds that are intended to regulate
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ ื ื“ืœโ€œืŸ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ื˜ืจ
00:50
how the property is to be used.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ื›ืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
00:52
Beginning in the mid-1800s,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
00:54
people in the United States and elsewhere began employing them in a new way:
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”:
00:58
specifically, to racially restrict properties.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช.
01:03
They wrote clauses into deeds that were meant to prevent all future owners
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ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
01:07
from selling or leasing to certain racial and ethnic groups,
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ืžืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
01:11
especially Black people.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:13
Between 1920 and 1950,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1920 ื• 1950,
01:15
these racial covenants spread like wildfire throughout the US,
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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื›ืžื• ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
01:20
making cities more segregated and the suburbs more restricted.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืขืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื.
01:24
In the county encompassing Minneapolis,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ืืคื•ืœื™ืก,
01:26
racial covenants eventually appeared on the deeds to more than 25,000 homes.
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 25,000 ื‘ืชื™ื.
01:32
Not only was this legal,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืงื™,
01:34
but the US Federal Housing Administration
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ืืœื ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:36
promoted racial covenants in their underwriting manual.
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ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื”.
01:40
While constructing new homes,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:42
real estate developers began racially restricting them from the outset.
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ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื ื“ืœโ€œืŸ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:46
Developments were planned as dream communities for American familiesโ€”
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ืžืชื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื™ื ื›ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช --
01:51
but for white people only.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
01:53
In 1947, one company began building what became widely recognized
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ื‘ 1947, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœืื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก
01:58
as the prototype of the postwar American suburb: Levittown, New York.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืžืœื—ืžืชื™: ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
02:03
It was a community of more than 17,000 identical homes.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 17,000 ื‘ืชื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื.
02:08
They cost around $7,000 each and were intended to be affordable
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš $7,000 ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื’ื”
02:12
for returning World War II veterans.
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ืœื•ื•ื˜ืจื ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:15
But, according to Levittownโ€™s racial covenants, none of the houses
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื
02:18
could โ€œbe used or occupied by any person other than members of the Caucasian race,โ€
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ โ€œืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื• ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืฃ ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืžื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,โ€
02:24
with one exception: servants.
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ืขื ื”ื—ืจื’ื” ืื—ืช: ืžืฉืจืชื™ื.
02:26
Between 1950 and 1970,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 1950 ื• 1970,
02:29
the population of the American suburbs nearly doubled
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื”
02:32
as white people flocked to more racially homogenous areas
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื ื”ืจื• ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช
02:36
in a phenomenon known as โ€œwhite flight.โ€
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ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›โ€œื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.โ€
02:40
The suburbs spread,
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ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•,
02:41
replacing native ecosystems with miles of pavement and water-guzzling lawns.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกืคืœื˜ ื•ื“ืฉืื™ื ื–ื•ืœืœื™ ืžื™ื.
02:46
And their diffuse layout necessitated car travel.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:50
American automobile production quadrupled between 1946 and 1955,
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืคื™ 4 ื‘ื™ืŸ 1946 ื• 1955,
02:56
cementing the nation's dependence on cars.
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ื•ืžื™ืฆืง ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:59
Federal programs like the G.I. Bill offered American veterans
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื“ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
03:02
favorable lending rates for buying homes.
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ืชื ืื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœืงื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื.
03:04
But it was difficult for people of color to take advantage of such resources.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืืœื” ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
03:09
Racial covenants restricted them from certain neighborhoods.
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:12
And, at the same time, government programs labelled neighborhoods of color
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
03:16
bad investments and often refused to insure mortgages in those areas.
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ื›ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืกืจื‘ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืžืฉื›ื ืชืื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:22
Therefore, banks usually wouldnโ€™t lend money to people purchasing property
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืœื•ื• ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื ื• ื ื›ืกื™ื
03:26
in neighborhoods of colorโ€” a practice that became known as redlining.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช -- ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื.
03:31
So, instead of owning homes that increased in value over time,
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ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
03:35
creating wealth that could be passed to future generations,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
03:38
many people of color were forced to spend their income on rent.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:42
And even when they were able to buy property,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื,
03:45
their homeโ€™s value was less likely to increase.
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ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช.
03:48
The suburbs boasted cul-de-sacs and dead ends that minimized traffic.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื’ืื• ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื ื•ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืชื ื•ืขื”.
03:52
Meanwhile, city planners often identified redlined neighborhoods
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ื
03:56
as inexpensive areas for industrial development.
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ื›ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
04:00
So, the massive freeway projects of the mid-20th century
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ืื–, ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื” 20
04:03
disproportionately cut through redlined neighborhoods,
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ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
04:07
accompanied by heavy industry and pollution.
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ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
04:10
As a result, many neighborhoods of color experience higher rates
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:14
of drinking water contamination, asthma, and other health issues.
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ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ืืกืชืžื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
04:18
People targeted by racial covenants increasingly challenged them in court
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืืชื’ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜
04:23
and, in 1968, they were finally banned under the Fair Housing Act.
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ื•ื‘ 1968, ื”ืŸ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืืกืจื• ืชื—ืช ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
04:28
But the damage had been done.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื”.
04:30
Racial covenants concentrated wealth and amenities in white neighborhoods
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื–ื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
04:34
and depressed the conditions and home values in neighborhoods of color.
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
04:39
As of 2020, about 74% of white families in the US owned their homes,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2020, ื‘ืขืจืš 74% ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
04:45
while about 44% of Black families did.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืจืง ืœ 44% ืžื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
04:48
That gap is greatest in Minnesotaโ€™s Twin Cities.
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”.
04:52
Across the country, neighborhoods remain segregated
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื• ืžื•ืคืจื“ื•ืช
04:55
and 90% of all suburban counties are predominantly white.
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ื• 90% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
05:00
Some landlords, real estate agents, and lenders
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ื, ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื ื“ืœโ€œืŸ, ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื
05:03
still discriminate against people based on raceโ€”
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ื’ื–ืข --
05:06
rejecting them, steering them to and away from certain neighborhoods,
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ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืžืคื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
05:09
or providing inaccessibly high interest rates.
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ืื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื ื’ื™ืฉ.
05:13
Gentrification and exclusionary zoning practices also still displace
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื’โ€™ื ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
05:18
and keep people of color out of certain neighborhoods.
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
05:22
Racial covenants are now illegal.
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ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
05:24
But they can still be seen on many housing deeds.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ื.
05:27
The legacy of racial covenants is etched across the pristine lawns
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ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงื•ืงื” ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื“ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื
05:31
of the American suburbs.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
05:33
Itโ€™s a footnote in the demographic divides of every city.
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ื–ื• ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ.
05:37
And itโ€™s one of the insidious architects of the hidden inequalities
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™
05:41
that shape our world.
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ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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