Earworms: Those songs that get stuck in your head - Elizabeth Hellmuth Margulis

2,095,104 views ใƒป 2015-03-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
Have you ever been waiting in line at the grocery store,
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช,
00:09
innocently perusing the magazine rack, when a song pops into your head?
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ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืฃ ื”ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืฉื™ืจ ืงืคืฅ ืœื›ื ืœืจืืฉ?
00:14
Not the whole song, but a fragment of it that plays and replays
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ืืœื ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื• ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
00:18
until you find yourself unloading the vegetables in time to the beat.
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืงืฆื‘.
00:23
You've been struck by an earworm, and you're not alone.
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ื ืคื’ืขืชื ืžืชื•ืœืขืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
00:27
Over 90% of people are plagued by earworms at least once a week,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 90% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
00:32
and about a quarter of people experience them several times a day.
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:37
They tend to burrow in during tasks that don't require much attention,
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืคืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
00:41
say, when waiting on water to boil
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ื›ืฉืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื™ืจืชื—ื•
00:43
or a traffic light to change.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืจืžื–ื•ืจ ื™ืชื—ืœืฃ.
00:46
This phenomenon is one of the mind's great mysteries.
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:49
Scientists don't know exactly why it's so easy
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ
00:52
for tunes to get stuck in our heads.
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ืœืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืข ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ.
00:55
From a psychological perspective,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:57
earworms are an example of mental imagery.
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:00
This imagery can be visual,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
01:02
like when you close your eyes and imagine a red wagon,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืืชื ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื,
01:06
or it can be auditory,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช,
01:07
like when you imagine the sound of a baby screaming,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ื•ืขืง.
01:10
or oil sizzling in a pan.
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ืื• ืฉืžืŸ ืจื•ื—ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืช.
01:13
Earworms are a special form of auditory imagery
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช
01:16
because they're involuntary.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:18
You don't plug your ears and try to imagine "Who Let the Dogs Out,"
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ืืชื ืœื ืื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช "ื”ื• ืœื˜ ื“ื” ื“ื•ื’ืก ืืื•ื˜,"
01:22
or, well, you probably don't.
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ืื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื.
01:24
It just intrudes onto your mental soundscape
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืฉื˜ื— ื”ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื›ื
01:27
and hangs around like an unwanted house guest.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจื— ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™.
01:31
Earworms tend to be quite vivid
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช
01:33
and they're normally made up of a tune, rather than, say, harmonies.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื ื’ื™ื ื”, ื•ืœื ื ื’ื™ื“, ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:38
A remarkable feature of earworms is their tendency to get stuck in a loop,
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ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืข ื‘ืœื•ืœืื”,
01:42
repeating again and again for minutes or hours.
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ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ืฉืขื•ืช.
01:46
Also remarkable is the role of repetition in sparking earworms.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื”ืฆืชืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
01:51
Songs tend to get stuck when we listen to them recently and repeatedly.
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืข ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
01:56
If repetition is such a trigger,
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ืื ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ื• ื”ื“ืง,
01:59
then perhaps we can blame our earworms on modern technology.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:04
The last hundred years have seen an incredible proliferation
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจืื• ืขืœื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ื—ื“ื™ืจื”
02:07
of devices that help you listen to the same thing again and again.
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ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
02:12
Records, cassettes, CDs, or streamed audio files.
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ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืงืกื˜ื•ืช, ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื, ืื• ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื.
02:17
Have these technologies bread some kind of unique, contemporary experience,
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ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื—ื• ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•ืช,
02:21
and are earworms just a product of the late 20th century?
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ื•ื”ืื ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20?
02:25
The answer comes from an unlikely source:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™:
02:28
Mark Twain.
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ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
02:30
In 1876, just one year before the phonograph was invented,
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ื‘ 1876, ืจืง ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืคื•ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื•ืžืฆื,
02:34
he wrote a short story imagining a sinister takeover
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืžืชืืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช
02:38
of an entire town by a rhyming jingle.
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ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื™ื ื’ืœ ืงืฆื‘ื™.
02:41
This reference, and others,
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ื”ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:43
show us that earworms seem to be a basic psychological phenomenon,
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
02:47
perhaps exacerbated by recording technology
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื˜ื”
02:50
but not new to this century.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:53
So yes, every great historical figure, from Shakespeare to Sacajawea,
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ืื– ื›ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืžืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ืœืกืงื’'ื•ื•ืื”,
02:57
may well have wandered around with a song stuck in their head.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ืชืงื•ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืจืืฉ.
03:01
Besides music, it's hard to think of another case of intrusive imagery
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช
03:05
that's so widespread.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
03:08
Why music?
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ืœืžื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”?
03:09
Why don't watercolors get stuck in our heads?
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ืœืžื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื ืœื ื ืชืงืขื™ื ืœื ื• ื‘ืจืืฉ?
03:11
Or the taste of cheesy taquitos?
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ืื• ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืืงื™ื˜ื•ืก ื’ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื?
03:14
One theory has to do with the way music is represented in memory.
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:19
When we listen to a song we know,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
03:21
we're constantly hearing forward in time, anticipating the next note.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืชื• ื”ื‘ื.
03:26
It's hard for us to think about one particular musical moment in isolation.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื’ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“.
03:31
If we want to think about the pitch of the word "you" in "Happy Birthday,"
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืœืš" ื‘ "ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืžื—,"
03:34
we have to start back at "Happy,"
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘"ื™ื•ื,"
03:36
and sing through until we get to "you."
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ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœ "ืœืš."
03:39
In this way, a tune is sort of like a habit.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืœ.
03:42
Just like once you start tying your shoe,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื•ื›ื™ื,
03:45
you're on automatic until you tighten the bow,
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ืืชื ืขืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืžื”ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ,
03:48
once a tune is suggested
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืขืช
03:50
because, for example, someone says, "my umbrella,"
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ืžืคื ื™ , ืฉืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ, "ืžื™ ืืžื‘ืจืœื”,"
03:54
we have to play through until it reaches a natural stopping point,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
03:58
"ella, ella, ella."
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"ืืœื”, ืืœื”, ืืœื”,"
04:00
But this is largely speculation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืขืจื”.
04:02
The basic fact remains we don't know exactly why we're susceptible to earworms.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื ืฉืืจืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืœืขื™ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื.
04:08
But understanding them better could give us important clues
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืจืžื–ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
04:11
to the workings of the human brain.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
04:13
Maybe the next time we're plagued
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื
04:15
by a Taylor Swift tune that just won't go away,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช,
04:18
we'll use it as the starting point for a scientific odyssey
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ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืžืกืข ืžื“ืขื™
04:22
that will unlock important mysteries about basic cognition.
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ืฉื™ืคืฆื— ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื›ืจื”.
04:25
And if not, well, we can just shake it off.
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ื•ืื ืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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