What really happened to Oedipus? - Stephen Esposito

743,250 views ใƒป 2024-06-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Though Oedipus would dodge death, vanquish the monstrous Sphinx,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื™ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื™ื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงืก ื”ืžืคืœืฆืชื™,
00:11
and whether wrathful plagues,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืช ื–ืขื,
00:13
the truth would prove his greatest challenger.
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ื”ืืžืช ืชื•ื›ื— fืžืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœv ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื”.
00:17
When Oedipusโ€™ mother, Queen Jocasta of Thebes,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื™ื•ืงืกื˜ื” ืžืชื‘ืื™,
00:20
gave birth to him, a grim heir seized the occasion.
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืื•ืชื•,ื™ื•ืจืฉ ืงื•ื“ืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.
00:25
Her husband, King Laius, had received a prophecy from Apolloโ€™s oracle
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ื‘ืขืœื”, ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ื•ืก, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžื”ืื•ืจืงืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•
00:30
foretelling that he would die at the hands of his own son.
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ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœื•.
00:34
Determined to escape this fate, Laius had the newbornโ€™s ankles pierced,
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ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื’ื•ืจืœ ื–ื”, ืœื™ื•ืก ื ื™ืงื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืจืกื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“,
00:39
and Jocasta ordered a shepherd to abandon him on Mount Cithaeron to perish.
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ื•ื™ื•ืงืกื˜ื” ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœืจื•ืขื” ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจ ืงื™ืชืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื•ืช.
00:45
But divine prophecies can be quite stubborn.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืงืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™.
00:50
The shepherd took pity on the baby and gave him to to another shepherdโ€”
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ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืจื™ื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ืขื” ืื—ืจ -
00:54
this one from Corinth.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก.
00:56
He decided to bring the baby to the childless Corinthian king and queen,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืžืœืš ื•ืœืžืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
01:01
Polybus and Merope.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืžืจื•ืคื”.
01:03
They called the boy Oedipus, or โ€œswollen-foot,โ€
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื™ืœื“ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก, ืื• โ€œืจื’ืœ ื ืคื•ื—ื”โ€œ,
01:07
and raised him as their own, never revealing his true origin.
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ื•ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ืฉืคื• ืืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
01:13
Years passed, till one night,
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ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืœืคื•, ืขื“ ืฉืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“,
01:15
a drunken reveler told Oedipus that he was not Polybus and Meropeโ€™s son by birthโ€”
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ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ ืืžืจ ืœืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ืžืจื•ืคื” ืžืœื™ื“ื” -
01:21
an allegation they staunchly denied.
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ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ.
01:24
But the seeds of doubt burrowed into Oedipusโ€™ mind.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืจืขื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก.
01:28
He left to seek counsel from Apolloโ€™s oracle at Delphi,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืžื”ืื•ืจืงืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• ื‘ื“ืœืคื™,
01:32
who instead delivered a deeply disturbing prophecy:
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ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืžืกืจv ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“:
01:36
Oedipus would murder his father and have children with his mother.
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื™ืจืฆื— ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™u ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืืžื•.
01:41
Horrified, Oedipus determined to stay far from Corinth
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ืžื–ื•ืขื–ืข, ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก
01:44
and the only parents heโ€™d ever known.
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ ืคืขื.
01:47
He ventured towards Thebesโ€” and thus, unwittingly,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ืœื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื‘ืื™ - ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช,
01:51
towards the city where his birth parents reigned.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืฉืœื˜ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
01:55
At a crossroads on the way,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš,
01:57
a fancy carriage threatened to run Oedipus off the road,
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ืื™ื™ืžื” ื›ืจื›ืจื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
02:01
and a lethal fight ensued.
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ื•ื”ืชืคืชื— ืงืจื‘ ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
02:04
Little did Oedipus know, one of the casualties was King Laius of Thebes,
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื ื™ื“ืข, ืื—ื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืœื™ื•ืก ืžืชื‘ืื™,
02:09
his own birth father.
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ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:11
In killing him, Oedipus had fulfilled the first half of Apolloโ€™s prophecy.
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ื‘ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•.
02:16
When Oedipus reached the gates of Thebes, he was met by the treacherous Sphinx.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืขืจื™ ืชื‘ืื™, ืคื’ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงืก ื”ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ืช.
02:21
Sheโ€™d ravaged the city,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืกื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื“ื”
02:23
posing a bewildering riddle to those she encountered
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ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ืœืืœื” ืฉื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”
02:26
and mercilessly devouring all who answered incorrectly.
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ื•ื˜ืจืคื” ืœืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืขื ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:31
But when she fixed her keen, expectant gaze on Oedipus,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืคื ืชื” ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืœื”ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืขืœ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก,
02:35
he gave the correct response.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:38
Thebes celebrated the Sphinx's defeat,
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ืชื‘ืื™ ื—ื’ื’ื” ืืช ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ืงืก,
02:40
and Oedipus married the city's recently widowed queen, Jocasta.
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ื•ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื”ืชืืœืžื ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,ื™ื•ืงืกื˜ื”.
02:45
They had four children, neither realizing they were, in fact, mother and sonโ€”
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ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื•ื‘ืŸ -
02:51
or that theyโ€™d completed the second half of Apolloโ€™s prophecy.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•.
02:55
Eventually, a devastating plague descended on Thebes.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื™ืจื“ื” ืขืœ ืชื‘ืื™.
02:59
To save the city, Oedipus sent his brother-in-law to consult Apolloโ€™s oracle.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื— ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืืช ื’ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ื”ืื•ืจืงืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•.
03:04
She declared that the divine plague would only relent
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืชื™ืจื’ืข
03:08
if the killer of Thebesโ€™ previous king, Laius,
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ืจืง ืื ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืื™, ืœืื™ื•ืก,
03:12
was finally revealed, then driven out or avenged with blood.
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ื™ืชื’ืœื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืื– ื™ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืื• ื™ื™ื ืงื ื‘ื“ื.
03:17
Oedipus hastily opened an investigation.
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื™ืคื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื”.
03:20
He interrogated Tiresias, a blind prophet,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื˜ื™ืจืกื™ืืก, ื ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ,
03:22
who stayed silent before suggesting that Oedipus himself was the killer.
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ืฉืฉืชืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืฆื—.
03:28
Oedipus denied and deflected the accusation.
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื”ืืฉืžื”.
03:31
But it stuck with him.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืžื“ื” ืืœื™ื•.
03:32
Jocasta likewise insisted that Laiusโ€™ killer couldnโ€™t have been Oedipus,
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ื™ื•ืงืกื˜ื” ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก,
03:37
for she'd heard that Laius was killed at a crossroads by robbers.
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ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืœื™ื•ืก ื ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:42
Yet, through conversations with a messenger from Corinth and, finally,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืœื™ื— ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืก ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
03:46
the shepherd whoโ€™d rescued him as an infant,
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ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง,
03:49
the truth came bearing down upon Oedipus.
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ื”ืืžืช ื ืคืœื” ืขืœ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก.
03:52
In searching for Laiusโ€™ murderer, heโ€™d been looking for himself,
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืฉืœ ืœื™ื•ืก, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
03:56
and Apolloโ€™s prophecy had come to pass, in all its dreadful detail.
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ื•ื ื‘ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื• ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื”, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื”.
04:01
Full of fury, resentment, and shame, Oedipus rushed to kill Jocastaโ€”
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ืžืœื ื–ืขื, ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืžื™ื”ืจ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื™ื•ืงืกื˜ื” -
04:06
but she too had realized the truth and taken her own life.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืฉืžื” ืงืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”.
04:10
Using brooches from her dress, Oedipus blinded himself in anguish,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืœืชื”, ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื,
04:16
expunging his deceitful sense of sight,
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ื•ืžื—ืง ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืขื” ืฉืœื•,
04:19
which had kept him from truly seeing so much.
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ืฉืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
04:23
Oedipus begged for exile,
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช,
04:24
but was led back into the castle to await word from Apolloโ€™s oracle.
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ืืš ื”ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื”ืื•ืจืงืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืœื•.
04:30
Thus ends Sophoclesโ€™ first play centering Oedipus.
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ื›ืš ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ืฉืžืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก.
04:34
But it wouldnโ€™t be his final word on the tragic hero.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™.
04:38
Decades later, a roughly 89-year-old Sophocles wrote its sequel,
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืกื•ืคื•ืงืœืก ื‘ืŸ 89 ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•,
04:43
set in Colonus, his own birthplace.
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ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืก, ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœื•.
04:46
It finds Oedipus, now aged and exiled,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก, ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืœื”,
04:49
confronted with accusations of incest and patricide.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื—.
04:53
Oedipus, having accepted the truth and released himself from its shame,
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื•ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืฉืชื”,
04:58
proclaims his innocence and maintains that he committed these deeds unwittinglyโ€”
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ืžื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื—ืคื•ืชื• ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื
05:03
and unwillingly.
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ื•ืœื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ.
05:06
Finally, Oedipus knows itโ€™s time to goโ€” and a divine voice urges him on.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืœื›ืช - ื•ืงื•ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ืœืื”.
05:11
Having said his loving farewells,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืืžืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช,
05:14
Oedipus then transcendsโ€” peacefully and marvelouslyโ€” into death.
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ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืžืชืขืœื” ืื– - ื‘ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื•ื‘ืคืœื - ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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