How quantum mechanics explains global warming - Lieven Scheire

531,224 views ใƒป 2014-07-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
You've probably heard that
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืขืชื
00:07
carbon dioxide is warming the Earth,
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ืฉืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
00:10
but how does it work?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”?
00:11
Is it like the glass of a greenhouse
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืžืžื”
00:13
or like an insulating blanket?
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช?
00:15
Well, not entirely.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืžืžืฉ.
00:17
The answer involves a bit
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื‘ืช ืžืขื˜
00:19
of quantum mechanics, but don't worry,
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ืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื•,
00:22
we'll start with a rainbow.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืช.
00:23
If you look closely at sunlight separated
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืคื•ื–ืจ
00:25
through a prism,
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ื“ืจืš ืžื ืกืจื”,
00:27
you'll see dark gaps where bands of color went missing.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื—ืกืจื•ืช.
00:30
Where did they go?
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ืœืืŸ ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•?
00:31
Before reaching our eyes,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
00:33
different gases absorbed those
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ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช
00:35
specific parts of the spectrum.
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
00:37
For example, oxygen gas snatched up
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื—ื˜ืฃ
00:39
some of the dark red light,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื›ื”ื”,
00:41
and sodium grabbed two bands of yellow.
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ื•ื ืชืจืŸ ืœืงื— ืฉืชื™ ืจืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
00:44
But why do these gases absorb
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื
00:46
specific colors of light?
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ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ?
00:48
This is where we enter the quantum realm.
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ืช.
00:51
Every atom and molecule has a set number
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ืœื›ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข
00:53
of possible energy levels for its electrons.
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ืฉืœ ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:56
To shift its electrons from the ground state
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืžืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
00:58
to a higher level,
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ืœืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:00
a molecule needs to gain a certain amount of energy.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:03
No more, no less.
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ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช.
01:06
It gets that energy from light,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื•ืจ,
01:08
which comes in more energy levels than you could count.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ.
01:11
Light consists of tiny particles called photons
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ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
01:14
and the amount of energy in each photon
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ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ
01:16
corresponds to its color.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื•.
01:19
Red light has lower energy and longer wavelengths.
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ืœืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:22
Purple light has higher energy and shorter wavelengths.
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ืœืื•ืจ ืกื’ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:25
Sunlight offers all the photons of the rainbow,
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ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืช,
01:28
so a gas molecule can choose
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ืื– ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื– ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
01:30
the photons that carry the exact amount of energy
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช
01:33
needed to shift the molecule to
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ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
01:35
its next energy level.
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ืœืจืžืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื”.
01:37
When this match is made,
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ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืขืฉื™ืช,
01:38
the photon disappers as the molecule
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ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืขืœื ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”
01:40
gains its energy,
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ืื•ื’ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:41
and we get a small gap in our rainbow.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:44
If a photon carries too much or too little energy,
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ืื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืขื˜ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
01:47
the molecule has no choice but
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ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”
01:49
to let it fly past.
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ืืœื ืœืชืช ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ.
01:51
This is why glass is transparent.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื”.
01:53
The atoms in glass do not pair well
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ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
01:55
with any of the energy levels in visible light,
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ืœืฉื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”,
01:58
so the photons pass through.
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ืื– ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื”.
02:00
So, which photons does carbon dioxide prefer?
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ืื–, ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ?
02:03
Where is the black line in our rainbow
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ืงื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:05
that explains global warming?
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ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?
02:07
Well, it's not there.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉื.
02:09
Carbon dioxide doesn't absorb light directly
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืคื’ ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
02:11
from the Sun.
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ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:13
It absorbs light from a totally
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ ืื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื™ื™ืžื™
02:14
different celestial body.
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ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:16
One that doesn't appear to be emitting light at all:
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ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ:
02:19
Earth.
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:20
If you're wondering why our planet
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ืื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืœืžื” ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:22
doesn't seem to be glowing,
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ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื–ื•ืจื—ืช,
02:23
it's because the Earth doesn't emit visible light.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”.
02:27
It emits infared light.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื.
02:29
The light that our eyes can see,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช,
02:30
including all of the colors of the rainbow,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช,
02:32
is just a small part of the larger spectrum
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:35
of electromagnetic radiation,
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ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
02:37
which includes radio waves, microwaves,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•, ื’ืœื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•,
02:40
infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays,
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ื’ืœื™ ืื™ื ืคื ืื“ื•ื, ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืงืจื ื™ X,
02:43
and gamma rays.
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ื•ืงืจื™ื ืช ื’ืžื.
02:45
It may seem strange to think of these things as light,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืื•ืจ,
02:47
but there is no fundamental difference
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
02:49
between visible light and other electromagnetic radiation.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
02:53
It's the same energy,
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:54
but at a higher or lower level.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:56
In fact, it's a bit presumptuous to define
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืžืจื ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ
02:58
the term visible light by our own limitations.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื” ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:01
After all, infrared light is visible to snakes,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื,
03:04
and ultraviolet light is visible to birds.
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ื•ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
03:07
If our eyes were adapted to see light of
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ืื ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ
03:09
1900 megahertz, then a mobile phone
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ื‘ 1900 ืžื’ื” ื”ืจืฅ, ืื– ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™
03:12
would be a flashlight,
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ื”ื™ื” ืคื ืก,
03:13
and a cell phone tower
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ื•ืžื’ื“ืœ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™
03:14
would look like a huge lantern.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืจื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
03:17
Earth emits infrared radiation
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ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืคื•ืœื˜ ืงืจื™ื ื” ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ืžื”
03:19
because every object with a temperature
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”
03:21
above absolute zero will emit light.
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ืžืขืœ ื”ืืคืก ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื™ืคืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืจ.
03:24
This is called thermal radiation.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืงืจื™ื ื” ื˜ืจืžื™ืช.
03:26
The hotter an object gets,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื—ืžื,
03:28
the higher frequency the light it emits.
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ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื’ื•ื‘ื”ืช.
03:30
When you heat a piece of iron,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืคื™ืกืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
03:32
it will emit more and more frequencies of infrared light,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืคืœื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื,
03:35
and then, at a temperature of around 450 degrees Celsius,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 450 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
03:40
its light will reach the visible spectrum.
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ื ืจืื”.
03:43
At first, it will look red hot.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ืื“ื•ืžื”.
03:45
And with even more heat,
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ื•ืื– ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื,
03:46
it will glow white
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื–ื”ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ
03:48
with all of the frequencies of visible light.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื ืจืื”.
03:51
This is how traditional light bulbs
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ื›ืš ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
03:52
were designed to work
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ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“
03:54
and why they're so wasteful.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:56
95% of the light they emit is invisible to our eyes.
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95% ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:00
It's wasted as heat.
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื‘ื–.
04:02
Earth's infrared radiation would escape to space
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ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื‘ืจื— ืœื—ืœืœ
04:04
if there weren't greenhouse gas molecules
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ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”
04:07
in our atmophere.
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ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
04:09
Just as oxygen gas prefers the dark red photons,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื,
04:11
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
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ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื
04:14
match with infrared photons.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื.
04:17
They provide the right amount of energy
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:18
to shift the gas molecules into their higher energy level.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื– ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:22
Shortly after a carbon dioxide molecule
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ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™
04:24
absorbs an infrared photon,
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ืกื•ืคื’ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื,
04:26
it will fall back to its previous energy level,
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ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:29
and spit a photon back out in a random direction.
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ื•ืชืคืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืงืจืื™.
04:32
Some of that energy then returns
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ
04:34
to Earth's surface,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
04:36
causing warming.
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ื•ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช.
04:37
The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
04:39
the more likely that infrared photons
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื
04:41
will land back on Earth
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ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
04:43
and change our climate.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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