Stunning buildings made from raw, imperfect materials | Débora Mesa Molina

譯者: Melody Tang 審譯者: 易帆 余

Architecture is a profession with many rules,

建築這個行業有許多規則，

some written, some not,

有些是明文規定，有些沒有，

some relevant and others not.

有些規則有相關性，有些則沒有。

As architects, we're constantly gravitating

作為建築師，我們常常在兩方角力，

between following these rules by the book

是要遵守手冊的規則，

or making a space for imagination --

還是要創造出想像空間——

for experimentation.

做些實驗性的嘗試。

This is a difficult balance.

在這兩者間，取得平衡並不容易。

Especially through architecture,

尤其在建築設計過程中，

you're trying to challenge preconceptions and push boundaries and innovate,

你得嘗試挑戰先入之見 並打破界線力求創新，

even if just using what we have around and we overlook all the time.

即使只是使用一些隨手可得 卻被我們忽略的素材。

And this is what I've been doing along with my team,

而這就是我和我的團隊，

Ensamble Studio,

「全效工作室」 一直在做的事。

and from our very early works

打從我們非常早期的作品開始，

that happened in strict historic contexts,

有些作品有著 嚴格的歷史環境背景，

like the city of Santiago de Compostela.

比如聖地亞哥-德孔波斯特拉市。

Here we built the General Society of Authors and Editors,

在這裡，我們建造了 「作家與編輯綜合協會」，

a cultural building.

它是一棟文化建物。

And on top of all the regulations,

除了各式各樣的規定，

we had to use stone by code

根據法規，我們必須採用石材，

and our experience was limited,

我們的經驗有限，

but we had incredible references to learn from,

但有很棒的參考資料供我們學習。

some coming from the city itself

有些來自該城市本身，

or from nearby landscapes

或是附近的地景，

或是其它偏遠的地區，

or other remote places

that had impacted our education as architects,

這些一直以來，對我們的建築教育 有著深遠的影響，

and maybe you recognize here.

也許你們認得出這些地方。

But somehow the finished products that industry made available

但，不知怎麼的， 工業製造出來的合規建材，

for us as architects to use in our buildings

應用在建築物上， 對我們建築師來說，

seemed to have lost their soul.

似乎少了點靈魂。

And so we decided to go to the nearby quarries

所以，我們決定去附近的採石場，

to better understand the process that transforms a mountain

看看能不能進一步了解 這些由供應商賣給我們的

into a perfectly square tile that you buy from a supplier.

一塊塊完美方正瓷磚， 是如何製造出來的。

And we were taken by the monumental scale of the material

我們被這些巨大的建材

and the actions to extract it.

及其生產的過程所震攝到。

And looking carefully,

仔細觀察就能發現，

we noticed hundreds of irregular blocks piling up everywhere.

到處堆滿了不規則的石塊。

They are the leftovers of an extraction sequence:

這些石材是在採集過程中 遺留下來的邊角料 :

the ugly parts that nobody wants.

太醜陋而沒有人想要的部分。

But we wanted them.

但我們想要。

We were inspired.

我們有靈感。

And it was a win-win situation

而且那是個雙贏的局面，

where we could get this residual material of great quality,

我們能取得這些本來注定

要被碾碎的高品質殘餘材料，

doomed to be crushed,

at a very low cost.

且不用多少錢就買到。

Now, we had to convince our clients that this was a good idea;

當然，我們得要說服我們的客戶， 讓他們相信這是個好點子；

but foremost, we had to come up with a design process

但，首先，我們得要 想出一個設計過程，

to reuse these randomly shaped rocks,

利用這些不規則的石塊重新設計，

and we had not done this before.

但我們以前沒有這麼做過。

Today everything would be much easier

如今，所有事情都簡單多了，

because we would go to the quarry

因為我們可以到採石場，

with our smartphones equipped with 3-D scanners

用智慧手機上配置的 3D 掃描儀，

and we would document each rock,

將每一塊石塊歸檔掃描，

turn that into a digital model --

並把它們轉換成數位的模型——

highly engineer the whole process.

整個過程高度工程化。

But more than a decade ago,

但，十多年以前，

we had to embrace uncertainty

我們得要接受不確定性，

and put on our boots, roll up our sleeves

穿上靴子，捲起袖子，

and move to the quarry for a hands-on experience.

走到採石場親身操作實踐。

And we also had to become the contractors

我們也必須變成承包商，

because we failed at finding somebody willing to share the risk with us.

因為我們找不到其它願意 和我們分攤風險的廠商。

Now, luckily, we convinced the quarry team to help us build a few prototypes

幸運的是，我們說服了一個採石 團隊協助我們建造出幾個原型，

to resolve some of the technical details.

來解決一些技術細節。

And we agreed on a few mock-ups,

我們原來同意只做幾個模型原型，

but we got excited,

但我們太興奮了，

and one stone led to another

一個石頭接著一個石頭，

until we succeeded to build

直到我們成功打造出

an 18-meter-long by eight-meter-high structure

十八公尺長、八公尺高的結構，

that recycled all the amorphous material of the quarry,

從採石場回收 所有不規則形狀的石材，

just supported by gravity --

只靠重力支撐，

no mortar and no ties.

完全不用水泥沙漿和綁紮。

And once built and tested,

等到建造和測試都完成後，

moving it to the final site in the city center

將它搬移到市中心的 最終目的地，

to unite it with the rest of the building

與大樓的其它部分整合起來，

was a piece of cake,

這樣變得容易多了，

because by having isolated uncertainty

因為我們已經 在採石場的可控制環境中

and managed risk in the controlled environment of the quarry,

將不確定性隔離開來， 並將風險管理做好，

we were able to complete the whole building in time

我們就能成功準時地 完成整個建案，

and on budget,

預算也沒超支，

even if using nonconventional means and methods.

即使用的是非傳統的手段和方法。

And I still get goosebumps

當我在城市中、建築中，

when I see this big chunk of the industrial landscape

看到旅客、附近鄰居

in the city,

in a building,

在這些龐大的城市地景穿梭時， 內心仍然會感到洶湧澎湃。

experienced by the visitors and the neighbors.

This building gave us quite a few headaches,

有幾次這個建築物讓我們煩惱不已，

and so it could have well been an exception in our work,

隨然它和我們過往的作品完全不同，

but instead it started to inform a modus operandi

但這反而開啟了另一種建築操作模式，

where every project becomes this opportunity

令每個項目都有挑戰界限的機會，

to test the limits of a discipline we believe has to be urgently reimagined.

我們相信每個案子 都需要急中生智的想像力。

So what you see here are four homes

各位可以看到，這裡有四間

that we have designed, built and inhabited.

由我們設計、建造和居住的房子。

Four manifestos where we are using the small scale

它們代表四種宣言， 說明我們如何使用小規模

to ask ourselves big questions.

來問我們自己大問題。

And we are trying to discover the architectures

我們也在嘗試探索

that result from unconventional applications of pretty mundane materials

運用極平凡建材及非傳統建築技術

來設計建築物，

and technologies,

like concrete in different forms in the top row,

例如，用不同形式的混凝土 做天花板的頂部設計，

or steel and foam in the bottom row.

或利用鋼材和海綿 做天花板底部的造型。

Take, for instance, these precast concrete beams.

又比如，這些預鑄混凝土樑柱。

You have probably seen them

各位可能看過它們被用來

building bridges, highways, water channels --

建造橋樑、高速公路、水道。

we found them on one of our visits to a precast concrete factory.

有一次我們造訪預鑄混凝土 工廠時發現了它們。

And they might not seem especially homey or beautiful,

它們的外觀也許沒那麼居家或美觀，

but we decided to use them to build our first house.

但我們決定用它們 來建造我們的第一間房子。

And this was an incredible moment

這是個很了不起的時刻，

because we got to be architects as always,

因為我們和以往一樣要扮演建築師，

builders once more

也扮演建造者，

and, for the first time, we could be our own clients.

還有，這是頭一次， 我們要扮演自己的客戶。

So, here we are trying to figure out how we can take these huge catalogue beams

所以，我們在事務所裡， 試著找尋方法來吊起這些

每條重 20 公噸的巨大橫樑，

of about 20 tons each

and stack them progressively around a courtyard space ...

然後把它們，沿著庭園空間、

屋子的中心， 逐步漸進地堆疊起來。

the heart of the house.

And due to the dimensions and their material quality,

因為建材的大小及品質夠好，

these big parts are the structure that carry the loads to the ground,

使得這些大組件結構體 能將負重傳達到地面。

but they are much more than that.

但它們遠不止於此，

They are the swimming pool;

它們可以用來建造游泳池、

they are the walls that divide interior from exterior;

可以是隔離室內和室外的牆壁、

they are the windows that frame the views;

可以是框起風景的窗框、

they are the finishes;

裝飾面層；

they are the very spirit of this house.

它們是這間房子的精神。

A house that is for us a laboratory

對我們而言， 這房子是我們的實驗場，

where we are testing how we can use standard elements in nonstandard ways.

在這裡，我們可以運用制式建材 但以非制式方式來建造房子。

And we are observing that the results are intriguing.

我們發現結果令人振奮。

And we are learning by doing

在邊做邊學的過程中，我們了解到，

that prefabrication can be much more than stacking boxes

預鑄的建材不僅可以 像堆疊盒子那樣簡單，

or that heavy parts can be airy and transparent.

厚重的組件也可以透過設計 變得更通風及透光。

And on top of designing and building this house,

除了設計和建造這間房子，

we get invaluable feedback,

在和我們的家人及朋友分享時，

sharing it with our family and our friends

我們也得到了無價的回饋。

because this is our life

因為這就是我們的生活

and our work in progress.

以及正在進行中的工作。

The lessons that we learn here get translated into other projects

我們把學習到的， 再次應用到其它工程、

其它專案、計劃，

and other programs

and other scales as well,

不論規模大小。

and they inspire new work.

這些都能為新作品帶來靈感。

Here again we are looking at very standard products:

這裡，各位看到， 同樣是非常標準的產品：

galvanized steel studs that can be easily cut and screwed,

很容易切割並用螺絲 固定的鍍鋅鋼立柱、

insulating foams, cement boards --

絕緣發泡材料、水泥板——

all materials that you can find hidden in partition walls

看得到的建材原料都藏在分隔牆裡。

and that we are exposing;

這是我們正在用 環氧樹脂做膠合的動作；

and we are using them to build a very lightweight construction system

我們用它們來建立 非常輕量的建築系統，

that can be built almost by anyone.

幾乎任何人都可以自行組建。

And we are doing it ourselves with our hands in our shop,

我們在店內親自動手做，

and we are architects. We're not professional builders

我們是建築師， 不是專業的建築工人，

but we want to make sure it's possible.

但我們想要確保這是可行的。

And it's so nice that Antón can move it with his hands

很棒的是，安東可以 用他的雙手來移動它，

and Javier can put it in a container,

哈維爾可以把它放到貨櫃中，

and we can ship it

我們就能運送它，

like you would ship your belongings if you were moving abroad ...

就像你搬到國外時 運送你的個人物品一樣……

which is what we did five years ago.

這也是我們五年前所做的事。

We moved our gravity center from Madrid

我們把馬德里的重力中心

and the house of the concrete beams to Brookline.

及那間混凝土樑柱做的 房子搬到布魯克林。

And we found the ugly duckling of a very nice neighborhood:

我們在一個非常棒的 鄰里找到了醜小鴨：

a one-story garage and the only thing we could afford.

一間我們付擔得起的一樓車庫，

But it was OK because we wanted to transform it into a swan,

但沒關係，因為我們 想要把它變成天鵝，

installing on top our just-delivered kit of parts,

我們把剛運來的部件加裝在上面，

once more becoming the scientists and the guinea pigs.

我們再次成為科學家兼白老鼠。

So this is a house that uses some of the cheapest

這間房子用上了市場上

and most normal materials that you can find in the market

最便宜且最普通的材料，

that applies the ubiquitous four-by-eight modulation

都是建築業中普遍用在

四乘八模組上的主流材料。

that governs the construction industry.

And yet a different organization of the spaces

然而，在空間上做不同的安排，

and a different assembly of the parts

把部件做不同的組裝，

is able to transform an economically built home

就能夠把經濟實惠型的家

into a luxurious space.

轉變成奢華感的空間。

And now, we're dreaming and we're actively working with developers,

現在，我們在造夢，

我們主動和開發商、

with builders,

建商和社區合作，

with communities

to try to make this a reality for many more homes

試圖為更多的家庭

實現家的夢想。

and many more families.

And you see, the world around us is an infinite source of inspiration

你看，周遭的世界 能提供我們無限的靈感，

if we are curious enough to see beneath the surface of things.

只要我們有足夠的好奇心 去探究事物表面下的內在價值。

Now I'm going to take you to the other side of the moon:

現在我要帶各位到月球的另一面：

to the sublime landscape of Montana,

風光極美的蒙大拿州。

where a few years ago we joined Cathy and Peter Halstead

幾年前，我們連同 凱西與彼得·哈爾斯戴德

to imagine Tippet Rise Art Center on a 10,000-acre working ranch.

一起想像在一萬英畝的大農場 建立提佩特高地藝術中心。

And when we first visited the site,

當我們初次造訪那個地點時，

we realized that all we knew about what an art center is

我們發現我們對於 藝術中心所知的一切，

was absolutely pointless for that client,

對那個客戶、對那個社區、

對那個景觀而言，毫無用處。

for that community, for that landscape.

The kind of white-box museum type had no fit here.

白色箱型的博物館設計 完全不適合那裡。

So we decided to explode the center into a constellation of fragments,

所以我們決定將藝術中心 分解成零星的建築，

of spaces spread across the vast territory

分散在廣大的原野中，

that would immerse the visitors into the wilderness of this amazing place.

讓訪客能夠沉浸在 這個神奇之地的荒野當中。

So back in the office, we are thinking through making,

所以，回到辦公室後， 我們邊做邊思考，

using the land both as support and as material,

利用土地，作為支撐及原物料，

learning from its geological processes of sedimentation, erosion,

學習它的各種地質過程， 包括沉積、侵蝕、

fragmentation, crystallization --

碎片化、結晶化、

explosion --

爆炸——

to discover architectures that are born from the land,

去發掘這片土地原生的建築，

that are visceral extensions of the landscape,

這些自然景觀的內在延伸，

like this bridge that crosses Murphy Canyon.

像是這座跨越墨菲峽谷的橋。

Or this fountain.

或這片泉水。

Like this space topping a hill ...

像山丘上的這個空間…

or this theatre that brings to us the space of the mountains

或這像這個帶給我們山丘空間

and its sound.

和聲音的劇院。

And in order to realize this idea,

為了要實現這個想法，

construction cannot be perfectly planned.

我們不能做完美的建設規劃。

We need to embrace the drastic weather and the local craft.

我們必須要擁抱 極端的天氣及當地的工藝。

We need to control just those aspects that are critical,

我們只需要控制關鍵的面向，

like the structural, the thermal,

比如結構、溫度面向、

the acoustical properties embedded in the form.

這些地形地貌的聲學特性。

But otherwise, improvisation is welcome and is provoked.

除此之外，我們歡迎即興創作 並激勵大家這麼做。

And the moment of construction is still a moment of design

建設的時刻仍然是設計的時刻，

and a moment of celebration

以及慶祝的時刻。

where different hands, hearts, minds come together to perform a final dance.

大家身心靈合一， 一起演出最後一支舞。

And the result then cannot be anticipated.

結果是無法預想的。

It comes as a surprise.

它是個驚喜。

And we unwrap architecture like you would unwrap a birthday gift.

建築物的揭曉就如 打開生日禮物一樣。

Architecture isn't uncovered:

建築並不會主動出現：

it's discovered.

而是需要你去探索挖掘的。

It's extracted from the guts of the earth to build a shelter,

一個遮風擋雨的地方， 是從土壤的內在本質所萃取出來的，

one of the most basic human needs.

它是人類最根本的需求之一。

Architecture, art, landscape,

建築、藝術、地景、

archaeology, geology -- all made one.

考古學、地質學——全都匯聚一體。

And by using the resources at our disposal in radical ways,

以極端的方式處理手邊的資源，

by making a space for experimentation,

創造實驗性的空間，

we are able to bring to light architectures that find the beauty latent

能夠為建築帶來光明，

在我們的生活周遭 挖掘原始、不完美事物的美感，

in the raw and imperfect things that surround us,

that elevate them

並將它們提升，

and let them speak their own language.

讓它們以自己的語言 來呈現給我們。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）