How police and the public can create safer neighborhoods together | Tracie Keesee

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Ziqing Ye

You know, my friends, I look at this photograph

你知道嗎，我的朋友們， 每當我看著這張照片時，

and I have to ask myself,

我都要問我自己，

you know, I think I've seen this somewhere before.

我是不是以前在什麼 地方見過這景象。

People marching in the street for justice.

人群在街頭為了正義而遊行。

But I know it's not the same photograph that I would have seen,

但我知道我看到的 不是同一張照片，

because I wouldn't take my oath to be a police officer until 1989.

因為我直到 1989 年 才宣誓成為警員。

And I've been in the business for over 25 years.

我做這一行已經超過 25 年了。

And identifying as an African-American woman,

而身為非裔美國女子，

I know things have gotten better.

我知道一切已經有所好轉。

But even as I learned about public safety,

但即使我學過公共安全相關的事情，

I wondered if what I was doing on the street

我也納悶我在街頭所做的事

was hurting or harming the community.

是否會傷害或危害到社區。

And I often wondered if, you know, how did they perceive me,

我常常納悶，居民們對 我這個穿制服的女人

this woman in uniform?

到底有什麼樣的感受？

But there is one thing that I knew.

但是我知道一件事。

I knew there was a way that we could do this, probably, different or better.

我知道有一種方式，或許可以 讓我們做得不同或更好——

A way that preserved dignity and guaranteed justice.

一種保護尊嚴且保證正義的方式。

But I also knew that police could not do it alone.

但我也知道，只靠警方是不夠的。

It's the coproduction of public safety.

它是公共安全的共同生產。

There is a lot of history with us.

我們的歷史淵源由來已久 。

You know, we know loss.

我們經歷過許多損失。

The relationship between

非裔美國社區和警方之間的關係，

the African American community and the police is a painful one.

是個很痛苦的關係，

Often filled with mistrust.

通常充滿了對彼此的不信任。

It has been studied by social scientists,

這個課題已經被社會科學家研究過，

it has been studied by government,

被政府研究過，

all both promising, you know, hopeful new ways and long-term fixes.

（研究結果）看起來都很有前景， 比如充滿希望的長期解決方案。

But all we want is to be safe.

但我們要的只是保障安全。

And our safety is intertwined.

我們的安全彼此連結。

And that we know, in order to have great relationships

我們也知道， 如果要建立起很好的關係，

and relationships built on trust,

一個以信任為基礎的關係，

that we're going to have to have communication.

我們就需要溝通。

And in this advent and this text of the world that we've got going on,

在當今的現實社會中，

試著透過社交媒體來做這件事

trying to do this with social media,

it's a very difficult thing to do.

是非常困難的。

We also have to examine our current policing practices,

我們也必須檢討目前 警方執法的方式，

and we have to set those things aside that no longer serve us.

且要把不再適用的部分放到一邊。

So, in New York, that meant "stop, question and frisk."

在紐約，那就意味著 「停下、問問題、搜身。」

That meant really holding up the numbers as opposed to relationships.

那就意味著重視數字而不是關係。

And it really didn't allow the officers the opportunity

而（這種做法）也讓警員沒有機會

to get to know the community in which they serve.

去了解他們所服務的社區。

But you see, there is a better way.

但其實，有更好的方式。

And we know -- it's called coproduction.

我們知道——它叫做共同生產。

So in the 1970s, Elinor Ostrom came up with this theory,

七○年代，伊莉諾•歐斯壯 提出了這個理論，

really called coproduction, and this is how it works.

就叫做共同生產， 它的運作方式如下。

You bring people into the space that come with separate expertise,

把大家帶到一個空間中， 他們有著不同的專長，

and you also come with new ideas and lived experience,

你也會帶來新的點子 和過去的經驗，

and you produce a new knowledge.

然後你會產生新的知識出來。

And when you produce that new knowledge,

當你產生了新知識，

and you apply this theory to public safety,

就把這個理論應用到公共安全上，

you produce a new type of public safety.

就會產生出新式的公共安全。

And so, in New York, it feels like this.

所以，在紐約，感覺就像這樣。

It is called building relationships, literally one block at a time.

它叫做建立關係，且真的是 一次一個街區來建立。

And it's "Build the Block."

它叫做「建立街區」。

So this is how it works.

它的運作方式如下。

You go to buildtheblock.nyc, you put in your address.

你先到 buildtheblock.nyc 這個網站上，填入你的地址。

And up pops location, date and time of your neighborhood meeting.

接著就會跳出你所屬鄰坊的 會議的地點、日期、時間。

The important part of this is you've got to go to the meeting.

重要的在於你必須要去參加會議。

And once you go to that meeting,

一旦你去了會議，

there, of course, will be NYPD,

當然，紐約市警局也會在那裡，

along with officers and other community members.

還會有警員以及社區的其他成員。

What's important about bringing, now, the lived experience into this space

若要將過去的經驗帶到 這個空間中來產生新知識，

to produce new knowledge

很重要的一點就是

is that we have to have a new way of delivering it.

我們必須要有新的方式來實現它。

So the new way of delivering it

所以，實現它的新方式

is through what we call neighborhood coordinating officers, or NCOs.

就是透過我們所謂的 鄰坊協調員，簡稱 NCO。

And so, also in this meeting are the NCOs,

鄰坊協調員也會出席這場會議，

the what we call 911 response cars,

我們所謂的一一九應變急救車、

sector cars, detectives,

巡邏車、警探，

all of us working together to collaborate in this new way

我們都會同心協力使用這種新方法

to reduce crime.

來減少犯罪。

And what's interesting about this is that we know that it works.

有趣的是，我們知道它行得通。

So, for example, in Washington Heights.

所以，比如，在華盛頓高地。

At a community meeting, there was a bar, up in Washington Heights,

在一場社區會議上， 談到華盛頓高地有一個酒吧，

and the neighbors were complaining about outcry and noises.

居民們在抱怨那裡的喊叫聲和噪音。

So in their conversations with their NCO,

所以，他們和 NCO 交談的時候，

they talked about, you know, sound barriers,

他們就談到了隔音屏障，

different ways to sort of approach this.

不同的方式來處理噪音。

Is there a different way we can direct traffic?

我們有不同的方式 可以指揮交通嗎？

And of course now they have relatively quieter bar nights.

當然，現在他們有相對 比較安靜的酒吧夜了。

So, another issue that always comes up in neighborhoods is speeding.

在鄰坊總是會拿出來談的 另一個議題就是超速。

How many of you in here have ever had a speeding ticket?

在座有多少人曾經 被開過超速罰單？

Raise your hand.

請舉手。喔，舉高點，拜託！

Oh, higher, come on!

There's more than that, this is New York.

不只這樣，這是紐約。

So those are other issues that brought to the NCO.

那些議題也會被拿來和 NCO 談。

Speeding -- what the NCOs do

超速—— NCO 的做法是

is they collaborate with the Department of Transportation,

他們和交通部合作，

they look at issues such as speed bumps and signage and all types of things.

他們去研究像是減速路脊、

標牌等等各種東西。

And when we come together to create this different type of policing,

當我們聯手創造出 這種不同的警方執法方式，

it also feels different.

感覺也會不太一樣。

The coproduction of public safety also means

公共安全的共同生產也意味著

that officers need to understand

警員必須要了解

the history and the power of their uniforms.

他們的制服有什麼歷史和權力。

They're going to have to set aside old historical narratives

他們必須要把不適合的 古老歷史敘述

that do not serve them well.

放到一邊去。

And that means they have to learn about implicit bias.

那就表示他們得要 了解內在的偏見。

Implicit biases are shortcuts the brain makes

內在的偏見是大腦造成的截徑，

without us really knowing it.

我們自己可能都不知道。

They're stereotypes that often influence our decision making.

它們是刻板印象， 通常會影響我們的決策。

And so, you can imagine,

所以，你們可以想像，

for police officers who have to make split-second decisions

警員得要在瞬間做出決策，

can be a very detrimental decision-making point.

這可能是個非常不利的決策點。

That's why the NYPD, along with other departments throughout the United States,

那就是為什麼紐約市警局 以及美國各地其他警局

are training all of their officers in implicit bias.

都在訓練他們的警員 認識內在偏見。

They have to understand that learning about their implicit biases,

他們必須要知道， 若能了解他們的內在偏見、

having good training, tactics and deescalation

接受好的訓練、有好戰術、 降低衝突範圍，

and understanding how it impacts your decision making

並了解它會如何影響你的決策，

makes us all safer.

就能讓我們所有人更安全。

We also know how officers are treated inside the organization

我們也知道知道在組織中 警員是如何被對待的，

impacts how they're going to behave with the community at large.

這會影響到他們 在總體社區中的行為。

This is critical.

這很重要。

Especially if you want to have a new way forward.

特別是在你想要用新方式 向前走的情況下。

And we know that we have to care for those folks that are on the frontline.

我們知道我們必須要 照顧在前線的那些人。

And they have to recognize their own trauma.

而他們必須要認出自己的創傷。

And in order to do that, us as leaders have to lift them up

若要做到這一點，我們這些 領導的人就必須要將他們扶起來，

and let them know that the narratives of being strong men and women --

讓他們知道，成為堅強的 男性或女性這種觀念——

you can set those aside, and it's OK to say you need help.

可以放到一邊去， 向別人求助是沒關係的。

And we do that by providing peer support,

我們的做法是提供同儕支持、

employee assistance, mental health services.

員工協助、心理健康服務。

We make sure all of those things are in place,

我們確保所有這些都已經就緒，

because without it --

因為若沒有它——

it's a critical component to the coproduction of public safety.

公共安全的共同生產少不了它。

Equally as important is that we also have social issues

還有一點也同樣重要， 我們也有些社會議題

that are often laid at the feet of law enforcement.

通常都會被推給執法單位。

So, for example, mental health and education.

比如，心理健康和教育。

Historically, we've been pulled into those spaces

在歷史上，我們被拉入這些空間，

where we have not necessarily provided public safety

在那些空間中，我們 不見得有提供公共安全，

but have enforced long, historical legislative racial desegregation.

但卻實施了長期、歷史久遠的 立法種族隔離政策。

We have to own our part in history.

我們得要在歷史上 扮演好自己的角色。

But we also have to have those folks at the table

但當我們談到我們要如何 向前邁進做到共同生產時，

when we're talking about how do we move forward with coproduction.

也必須要讓那些人參與。

But understanding this,

但要了解一點，

we also have to understand that we need to have voices come to us

我們也得要了解， 我們需要讓聲音來找我們，

in a different way.

且是以不同的方式。

We also have to recognize

我們也得要承認，

that the community may not be willing or ready

社區不見得會願意或準備好

to come to the table to have the conversation.

來參與、來對談。

And that's OK.

那沒關係。

We have to be able to accept that.

我們必須要能接受這一點。

By acknowledging it, it also means that we care for the community's health

承認這一點，也就意味著 我們不只在乎社區的健康，

and for their resiliency as well.

也在乎它們的恢復力。

That's another key component.

那是另一個關鍵要素。

We also have to acknowledge

我們也得要承認，

that there are those folks that are in our community that are here --

在我們的社區中也有一些人——

they do want to do us harm.

他們確實想要傷害我們。

We also have to recognize that we have community members

我們也得要承認，有一些社區成員

who did not get the benefits of a long-ago dream.

沒有得到過去夢想的益處。

We also have to acknowledge

我們也得要承認，

that we have put faith in a system that sometimes is broken,

我們所相信的體制， 有時候並不完美，

hoping that it would give us solutions for better.

而我們希望它會 讓我們的情況好轉。

But we cannot walk away.

但我們不能轉頭離開。

Because there is a better way.

因為還有更好的方式。

And we know this because the NYPD's neighborhood policing philosophy

我們知道這一點，是因為 紐約市警局在鄰坊執法的哲學

is grounded in the coproduction of public safety.

以公共安全的共同生產為基礎。

And in order for us to move forward together,

若我們要一起向前邁進，

with our family, our friends and for our health,

和我們的家人、我們的朋友一起， 為了我們的健康，

we have to make sure that we focus this way.

那麼我們就得要確保 我們專注在這個方式上。

And in order to do that,

若要這麼做，

there are three fundamental ideologies that we must all agree to.

我們都必須要認同 三項重要的意識形態。

Are you ready?

你們準備好了嗎？

Oh, I'm sorry, one more time -- are you ready?

喔，抱歉，再一次—— 你們準備好了嗎？

Audience: Yes!

觀眾：好了！ 講者：好多了。好。

Tracie Keesee: Now, that's better, alright.

第一：不要再 沉迷在「為什麼」中。

The first one: There's no more wallowing in the why.

We know why.

我們知道為什麼。

We must move forward together. There's no more us versus them.

我們必須要一起向前邁進， 不再有「我們 vs. 他們」。

Number two:

第二：

We must embrace the lived experience and our histories,

我們必須要擁抱 過去的經驗和我們的歷史，

and we must make sure we never go back to a place where we cannot move forward.

且我們必須要確保我們永遠不會

回到一個無法再向前進的地方。

And number three:

第三：

We must also make sure

我們也必須要確保

that truth and telling facts is painful.

真相和說事實是很痛苦的。

But we also know that no action is no longer acceptable.

但我們知道不採取行動 是不可接受的。

And agree?

同意嗎？ 觀眾：同意。

Audience: Yes.

講者：抱歉，我聽不見， 你們同意嗎？

TK: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't hear you, do you agree?

觀眾：同意！

Audience: Yes!

講者：我們確實 知道有更好的方法。

TK: So we do know there is a better way.

And the better way is the coproduction of public safety.

更好的方法就是 公共安全的共同生產。

謝謝。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌聲）