The next generation of African architects and designers | Christian Benimana

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

The longest journey that I have ever taken.

我走過最長的旅途。

That was in 2002.

那時是 2002 年。

I was only 19 years old.

我只有 19 歲。

It was the first time I had ever been on an airplane

那是我第一次搭飛機，

and the first time that I had left my country,

第一次離開我的國家，

Rwanda.

盧安達。

I had to move thousands of kilometers away

我得要到數千公里之外，

to follow a dream.

去追一個夢，

A dream I have had ever since I was a child.

我從孩提時就在作的夢，

And that dream was to become an architect.

成為建築師的夢。

That was impossible at the time in my country.

當時，在我的國家， 那是不可能實現的。

There were no schools of architecture.

盧安達沒有建築學校。

So when I got a scholarship to study in China,

所以我拿了獎學金，到中國去讀書，

I left my life and my family behind

我離開了我的生活和我的家人，

and I moved to Shanghai.

我搬到上海。

It was an amazing time.

那是個很不可思議的時代。

This country was going through a major building boom.

中國正在經歷重大的建設熱潮。

Shanghai, my new home,

上海，我的新家，

was quickly turning into a skyscraper city.

很快就變成了摩天大樓城市。

China was changing.

中國在改變。

World-class projects were built to convey a new image of development.

開始建造世界級的專案計畫， 來傳達發展的新形象。

Modern, striking engineering marvels were going up literally everywhere.

現代化、出眾的 工程奇蹟幾乎到處可見。

But behind these facades,

但在這些外表的背後，

exploitation of huge numbers of migrant workers,

是對大量移民工人的剝削，

massive displacement of thousands of people

因為有數千人的大量遷移，

made these projects possible.

才讓這些專案計畫能實現。

And this fast-paced development

這種步調很快的發展，

also contributed significantly to the pollution

也顯著造成了現今困擾中國的

that is haunting China today.

污染問題。

Fast-forward to 2010,

快轉到 2010 年，

when I went back home to Rwanda.

我回到盧安達的家。

There, I found development patterns similar to what I saw in China.

在那裡，我發現發展模式 和我在中國看到的很相似。

The country was and still is experiencing its own population and economic growth.

盧安達仍然正在經歷 它自己的人口和經濟成長。

The pressure to build cities, infrastructure and buildings

建立城市、基礎建設、大樓的壓力

is at its peak,

到達高峰，

and as a result,

因此，

there is a massive building boom as well.

也出現了大規模的建設熱潮。

This is the reality across the entire continent of Africa,

這是整個非洲大陸的現實，

and here's why.

而原因如下。

By 2050, Africa's population will double,

到 2050 年，非洲的人口會加倍，

reaching 2.5 billion people.

到達 25 億人。

At this point,

在這個時點，

the African population will be slightly less than the current population

非洲的人口數只會比中國和印度

of China and India combined.

目前人口的總數少一點點。

The infrastructure and buildings needed to accommodate this many people

這麼多人所需要的基礎建設和大樓

is unprecedented in the history of humankind.

是人類史上前所未見的。

We have estimated that by 2050,

我們估計，到 2050 年，

we have to build 700,000,000 more housing units,

我們得再建立七億間住房單位、

more than 300,000 schools

至少三十萬間學校、

and nearly 100,000 health centers.

還有近十萬間衛生所。

Let me put that into perspective for you.

讓我協助各位更了解實際狀況。

Every day for the next 35 years,

接下來的 35 年間，每一天，

we have to build seven health centers,

我們就得建立 7 間衛生所、

25 schools

25 間學校、

and nearly 60,000 housing units each day,

以及近 6 萬間住房單位，

every day.

每天都要。

How are we going to build all of this?

我們怎麼建得出來？

Are we going to follow a model of unsustainable building and construction

我們要遵照類似 我在中國見證的不永續建築

similar to what I witnessed in China?

和建設模型嗎？

Or can we develop a uniquely African model

還是我們能發展出 獨一無二的非洲模型，

of sustainable and equitable development?

永續和公正發展的模型？

I'm optimistic we can.

我盡可能樂觀。

I know Africans who are already doing it.

我知道已經有非洲人在這麼做了。

Take Nigerian architect Kunlé Adeyemi for instance,

比如，奈及利亞建築師 昆萊亞德耶米，

and his work in slums of coastal megacities.

他在沿岸百萬人口大都市中的 貧民窟做建設。

Places like Makoko in Lagos,

像拉哥斯的馬可可這種地方，

where hundreds of thousands of people live in makeshift structures on stilts

在這裡，數十萬人

住在臨時搭在水面上的建築物中，

on water,

without government infrastructure or services.

沒有政府提供的基礎建設或服務。

A community at great risk of rising sea levels and climate change.

這個社區面臨的巨大風險 包括海平面上升以及氣候變遷。

And yet, people who live here are examples of great ingenuity

但，住在這裡的人，是足智多謀

and the will to survive.

和生存意志的好典範。

Kunlé and his team have designed a prototype school

昆萊和他的團隊 設計了一個原型學校，

that is resilient to rising sea levels.

它能夠適應海平面上升。

This is Makoko School.

這是馬可可學校。

It's a floating prototype structure that can be adapted to clinics,

這個漂浮的原型結構 可以被應用在診所、

to housing, to markets

住房、市場、

and other vital infrastructure this community needs.

以及這個社區需要的其他重要基礎建設。

It's an ingenious solution

這是個很巧妙的解決方案，

that can ensure this community lives safely on the waters of Lagos.

能確保這個社區在拉哥斯的 水面上也能安全地居住。

This is Francis Kéré.

這位是弗朗西斯凱雷。

He works in the country where he comes from,

他在他的母國工作，

Burkina Faso.

布吉納法索。

Kéré and his team have designed projects that use traditional building techniques.

凱雷和他的團隊設計的專案計畫 是用傳統的建設技巧。

Kéré and his team working in the communities

凱雷和他的團隊在社區內努力，

have developed prototype schools

已經開發出了原型學校，

that the whole community,

這個專案計畫就像

similar to every project in the villages of this country,

該國村落中的每個專案計畫一樣，

comes together to build.

是由整個社區團結一起打造的。

Children bring stones for the foundation,

孩童搬來當地基用的石頭，

women bring water for the brick manufacturing,

女人打水來做磚塊，

and everybody works together to pound the clay floors.

所有人合作，打造出泥土地板。

Working with the community,

凱雷和他的團隊與社區合作，

Kéré and his team have created projects that function better,

創建出的專案計畫能運作得更佳，

with adequate lighting and adequate ventilation.

還有適當的採光和適當的通風。

They're appropriate for this particular context

它們是針對這個特殊環境設計的，

and really, really beautiful as well.

且也非常非常漂亮。

For the past seven years,

過去七年，

I have been working as an architect at MASS Design Group.

我在 MASS Design Group 擔任建築師。

It's a design firm that began in Rwanda.

它是一間在盧安達發跡的設計公司。

We have worked in several countries in Africa,

我們在非洲的好幾個國家工作，

focusing on this more equitable and sustainable model

把焦點放在更公正、更永續的建築

of architectural practice,

實做模型上，

and Malawi is one of those countries.

其中一個國家是馬拉威。

It's a country with beautiful, remote landscapes

這個國家有漂亮的偏遠地景，

with high-peak mountains and fertile valleys.

有著高峰的山脈以及肥沃的山谷，

But it also has one of the worst maternal mortality rates in the world.

但孕產婦死亡率也是世界上最糟的。

A pregnant woman in Malawi either gives birth at home,

在馬拉威的孕婦，若不是在家生產，

or she has to walk a really long journey to the nearest clinic.

就得走很遠的一段路到最近的診所。

And one out of 36 of these mothers dies during childbirth.

36 位媽媽中就有一位會死於生產。

In Malawi,

在馬拉威，

with our team at MASS Design Group,

我們 MASS Design Group 的團隊

we designed the Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village.

設計了卡松古產婦等候村。

This is a place women come to six weeks before their due dates.

女性在預產期的前六週 可以到這個地方來。

Here they receive prenatal care

在這裡她們能得到產前照護，

and train in nutrition and family planning.

還有營養和家庭規劃的教育訓練。

At the same time, they form a community

同時，她們和其他懷孕媽媽

with other expectant mothers and their families.

及其家人形成一個社區。

The design of the of Kasungu Maternity Waiting Village

卡松古產婦等候村的設計

borrows from the vernacular typologies of Malawi villages

參考的是馬拉威村落的本國類型學，

and is built using really simple materials and techniques.

用非常簡單的材料和技術來建造。

The earth blocks that we used were made from the same soil of this site.

我們使用的泥土塊 是直接用當地的土壤做成的。

This reduces the carbon footprint of this building,

這樣能夠減少這間建築物的碳足跡，

but first and foremost,

但最重要的是，

it provides a safe and dignified space for these expectant mothers.

它能提供安全和有尊嚴的空間 給這些懷孕媽媽。

These examples show that architecture and design

從這些例子可以看出，建築和設計

have the power and the agency to address complex problems.

有力量和作用可以處理複雜的問題。

But more to point,

但更核心的是，

that we can develop a model of effective solutions

我們能為我們的社區開發出

有效解決方案的模型。

for our communities.

But these three examples are not enough.

但這三個例子並不夠。

300 more examples will not be enough.

再多三百個例子也不夠。

We need a whole community of African architects and designers

我們需要非洲建築師 和設計師的整個社群

to lead with thousands more examples.

帶頭來產生數千個例子。

In May of this year,

今年五月，

we convened a symposium on African architecture, in Kigali,

我們在基加利召開了 一場非洲建築的座談會，

and we invited many of the leading African designers

我們邀請了許多在非洲各地工作的

and architectural educators working across the continent.

重要非洲設計師與建築教育家。

We all had one thing in common.

我們所有人有一項共同點。

Every single one of us went to school abroad

我們每個人都在國外讀書，

and outside of Africa.

且是到非洲之外的國家。

This has to change.

這點必須要改變。

If we are to develop solutions unique to us,

如果我們要發展出 我們專屬的解決方案，

rather than attempting to turn Kigali into Beijing,

而不是試圖把基加利變成北京，

or Lagos into Shenzhen,

或把拉哥斯變成深圳，

we need a community

我們就需要一個社群，

that will build the design confidence of the next generation

這個社群要能建立下一代非洲建築師

of African architects and designers.

與設計師的設計信心。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In September last year,

去年九月，

we launched the African Design Centre

非洲設計中心落成，

to start building this community.

其目的就是要建立這個社群。

We admitted 11 fellows from across the continent.

我們批准了來自非洲 各地的十一位會員。

It's a 20-month-long, design-build fellowship program.

這是個為期二十個月的 設計建造人才培訓計畫。

Here, they are learning to tackle big challenges

在這裡，他們要學習處理大挑戰，

such as urbanism and climate change,

比如都市主義和氣候變遷，

as Kunlé and his team have.

就像昆萊和他的團隊所做的。

They're working with communities

他們和社區合作，

to develop innovative building solutions and processes,

開發展創新的建築解決方案和流程，

as Kéré and his team have.

就像凱雷和他的團隊所做的。

They're learning to understand the health impact of better buildings

他們要學著了解 更好的建築物對健康的影響，

as we at MASS Design Group have been researching

這也正是我們 MASS Design Group 在過去數年來

for the past several years.

一直在研究的。

The crowning moment of the fellowship

培訓計畫的加冕時刻，

is a real project that they designed and built.

是他們設計和建造了 一個真實的專案計畫時。

This is Ruhehe Primary School,

這是路黑黑小學，

the project they designed.

他們設計的專案計畫。

They immersed themselves in the community to understand the challenges

他們讓自己進入社區，了解挑戰，

but also uncover opportunities,

同時也去發現機會，

like using a wall made of local volcanic stone

比如使用當地火山石頭打造的牆壁，

to turn the entire campus into a space of play and active learning.

把整個校園轉變成一個 可以玩樂和主動學習的空間。

They evaluated the environmental conditions

他們評估了環境條件，

and developed a roof system that maximizes daylight

開發了一個屋頂系統， 能取得最多日光，

and improves acoustic performance.

並改善了聲音傳遞的表現。

The construction at Ruhehe Primary School will begin this year.

路黑黑小學的建設今年就會開始。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And over the coming months,

在接下來的幾個月，

the African Design Centre fellows are going to work hand-in-hand

非洲設計中心會員將會攜手合作，

with the Ruhehe community to build it.

和路黑黑社區一起建造它。

When we asked the fellows

當我們問這些會員，

what they want to do after their African Design Centre fellowship,

在非洲設計中心的培訓計畫 結束後，他們要做什麼，

Tshepo from South Africa said

來自南非的奇波說

he wants to introduce this new way of building into his country,

他想要把這種新的 建造方式帶到他的國家，

so he plans to open a private practice in Johannesburg.

他打算在約翰尼斯堡開業。

Zani wants to expand opportunities for women to become engineers.

贊妮想要拓展女性 成為工程師的機會。

Before joining the African Design Centre,

在加入非洲設計中心前，

she helped start, in Nairobi,

她在奈洛比協助成立一個組織，

an organization to bridge the gender gaps for women in engineering fields,

目的是為女性在工程領域中 消除性別落差，

and she hopes to take this movement across Africa,

她希望能將這個運動帶到全非洲，

eventually the whole world.

最終帶到全世界。

Moses, from South Sudan,

摩西，來自南蘇丹共和國，

the world's newest country,

世界上最新的國家，

wants to open the first polytechnic school

他想要成立第一間理工學校，

that will teach people how to build using local materials from his country.

教導人們如何該國的 當地材料來做建設。

Moses had to be determined to become an architect.

摩西很有決心要成為建築師。

The civil war in his country frequently interrupted his architectural education.

他國家中的內戰， 經常打斷他的建築教育。

At the time he was applying to join the African Design Centre,

當他申請加入非洲設計中心時，

we could hear gunshots going off in the background of his interview call.

我們在面試電話訪問中， 還能聽到背景有槍聲。

But even in the middle of this civil war,

但即使在內戰當中，

Moses hangs on to this idea

摩西堅持著這個想法，

that architecture can be a way to bridge communities back together.

認為建築是能讓社區重新 連結在一起的一種方式。

You have to be inspired by this fellow's belief

你們一定也有受到 這個會員的信念所鼓舞，

that great architecture can make a difference

在未來非洲要如何建造方面，

on how the future of Africa is built.

他堅信偉大的建築能夠造成不同。

The unprecedented growth of Africa cannot be ignored.

非洲史無前例的成長不能被忽視。

Imagine Africa's future cities,

想像非洲的未來城市，

but not as vast slums,

但不是大型貧民窟的樣子，

but the most resilient

而是地球上最有適應力、

and the most socially inclusive places on earth.

最有社會包容力的地方。

This is achievable.

這是可以達成的。

And we have the talent to make it a reality.

我們有將它實現的才能。

But the journey to ready that talent for the task ahead,

但要為了今後任務 準備好那才能的旅程，

like my own journey,

就像我自己的旅程，

is far too long.

實在太遙遠了。

For the next generation of African creative leaders,

為了下一代非洲創意領袖，

we have to shorten and streamline that journey.

我們得把那旅程給縮短和簡化。

But most importantly --

最重要的－

and I cannot stress this enough --

我再怎麼強調都不夠－

we have to build their design confidence

我們得要建立他們的設計信心，

and empower them to develop solutions that are truly African

讓他們有能力可以開發 真正屬於非洲的解決方案，

but globally inspiring.

同時又能鼓舞全球。

Thank you very much.

非常謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）