The wonderful world of life in a drop of water | Tom Zimmerman and Simone Bianco

56,795 views ・ 2018-03-29

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Melody Tang
00:12
Tom Zimmerman: We'd like to take you on a fantastic journey
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湯姆·齊墨曼:我們想要 帶領各位踏上一段極棒的旅程,
00:16
to visit the creatures we call the Elders.
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去造訪我們稱為「前輩」的生物,
00:19
We call them the Elders because a half a billion years ago
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我們稱它們為前輩, 是因為在五十萬年前,
00:23
they tripled the amount of oxygen in the air,
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它們讓空氣中的氧氣量增加為三倍,
00:26
which led to an explosion of life,
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造成了生命劇增,
00:29
which led to all of us.
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才會有我們所有人。
00:31
We call them the Elders, but you probably know them as plankton.
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我們稱它們為前輩,但你們 可能聽過的名字是浮游生物。
00:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:36
Now, Simone is a physicist, and I'm an inventor.
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西蒙尼是物理學家,我是發明家。
00:41
A couple of years ago,
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幾年前,
00:43
I was giving a talk about an invention I made --
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我為我的一項發明講了一場演說──
00:45
it was a 3D microscope.
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那發明是 3D 顯微鏡。
00:46
And Simone was in the audience.
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西蒙尼是觀眾之一。
00:49
He realized that my microscope could solve a big problem he was having.
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他發現我的顯微鏡 能解決他的一個大問題:
00:53
Which was, how to measure the movement of plankton in 3D fast enough
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要如何測量浮游生物的 3D 移動,而且要夠快,
00:58
so he could mathematically model their sensing and behavior.
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讓他能對它們的 感覺及行為建立數學模型。
01:03
And I frankly needed an application for my microscope, so ...
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坦白說,我的顯微鏡 也需要找地方應用,所以……
01:07
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:08
It was like peanut butter meets chocolate.
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就像是花生醬遇到了巧克力。
01:10
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:12
So we started working together, studying these amazing creatures.
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我們開始合作, 研究這些不可思議的生物。
01:16
And then we were alarmed to discover something.
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而我們的發現讓我們震驚。
01:19
And that's why we're here today.
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那就是為什麼今天我們會在這裡。
01:21
And I just want to do something with you.
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我想和各位一起做一件事。
01:24
Now, please, just hold your breath for a second.
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麻煩各位,摒息一下子。
01:28
Yes, literally hold your breath.
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是的,真的摒住呼吸。
01:29
This is the world without plankton.
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這就是沒有浮游生物的世界。
01:33
You see, plankton generate two-thirds of our oxygen using the sun.
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我們的氧氣有三分之二是由 浮游生物用太陽所產生的。
01:37
OK, now you can breathe, because they're still here.
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好,可以呼吸了, 因為它們仍然在這裡。
01:41
For now.
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目前還在。
01:43
Simone Bianco: As many of you know,
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西蒙尼·畢昂柯:很多人都知道,
01:45
since 1950, the average surface temperature of the earth
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1950 年之後,地球表面的平均溫度
01:48
has increased by one degree Centigrade
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已經升高了攝氏一度,
01:50
due to all the carbon dioxide we are pumping into the air.
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原因是我們排放到 空氣中的所有二氧化碳。
01:54
Now, while this temperature increase may not seem like a big deal to us,
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雖然我們可能覺得這種 溫度上升沒什麼大不了的,
01:58
it is to plankton.
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對浮游生物卻不同。
01:59
Indirect measurements have shown that the global phytoplankton population
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間接測量顯示,全球的浮游生物數量
02:04
may have decreased by as much as 40 percent between 1950 and 2010
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在 1950 到 2010 年間, 可能減少了 40% 之多,
02:09
because of climate change.
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原因是氣候變遷。
02:11
And you see, this is a problem
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這是個問題,
02:12
also because it's starving the fish that eat them.
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因為要吃浮游生物的魚類會挨餓。
02:16
And about a billion people around the world
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全世界大約有十億人
02:18
depend on fish as their primary source of protein from animals.
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主要的動物蛋白質來源就是魚類。
02:23
So you see, this isn't just about breathing.
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所以,這不只和呼吸有關。
02:25
No plankton means no fish.
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沒有浮游生物就表示沒有魚類。
02:27
And that is a lot of food we will need to replace.
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我們就需要找許多的食物來代替。
02:31
There's something else that is interesting.
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還有一點也很有意思。
02:33
The bodies of plankton's ancestors
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浮游生物的祖先的身體
02:35
actually make up a for lot of the carbon we burn today.
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製造了許多我們現今燃燒用的碳。
02:38
Which is kind of ironic, if you ask me.
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問我的話,我會說這還蠻諷刺的。
02:41
Because the plankton that are here today clean that carbon out of the air.
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因為現今浮游生物在這裡 把空氣中的碳給清理掉。
02:46
But you see, they don't really hold a grudge.
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但,它們並沒有懷恨在心。
02:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:50
The problem is they cannot keep up
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問題是,它們趕不上
02:52
with the tremendous amount of carbon we are dumping into the air.
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我們排放到空氣中的大量二氧化碳。
02:57
So what does all of this mean?
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這一切意味著什麼?
02:58
Well, it means that our big carbon footprint
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這意味著,我們大量的碳足跡
03:01
is crushing the very creatures that sustain us.
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正在摧毀我們賴以維生的生物。
03:04
And yes, like Tom said,
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而且,如同湯姆說的,
03:06
killing almost half of the creatures that allow us to breathe
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讓我們能夠呼吸的生物, 有近半都因此死亡了,
03:09
is a really big deal.
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這就很嚴重了。
03:11
So you're probably asking yourself:
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你可能會自問:
03:13
Why aren't we doing something about it?
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我們為什麼還未採取行動?
03:16
Our theory is that plankton are tiny,
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我們的理論是,浮游生物很小,
03:19
and it's really, really hard to care about something you cannot see.
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真的很難去關心我們看不見的東西。
03:23
You see, there's a quote I really like in "The Little Prince" that goes,
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在《小王子》裡 有一句話我真的很喜歡:
03:26
"What is essential is invisible to the eye."
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「真正重要的東西, 用眼睛是看不見的。」
03:29
We really believe that if more people could come
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我們真的相信,如果有更多人能夠
03:32
face to ... cilia with plankton,
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和浮游生物面對面…面對纖毛? (註:浮游生物沒有「面」)
03:36
there is a greater chance we could all rally together
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就很有可能我們能團結起來,
03:39
and save these creatures
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拯救這些生物,
03:40
that are so important to life on our planet.
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這對地球上的生命是非常重要的。
03:42
TZ: Exactly, Simone.
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湯姆:沒錯,西蒙尼。
03:44
So to do this,
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所以,為了這麼做,
03:45
we're going to bring you scuba diving with plankton.
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我們要帶各位和浮游生物一起浮潛。
03:51
But I just need to shrink you by a factor of 1000,
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但我需要把各位縮小一千倍,
03:54
to a scale where the diameter of a human hair is as big as my hand.
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縮到這樣的比例時,我的手 就會和一根人類頭髮一樣大。
03:59
And I happen to have invented a machine to do just that.
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而我剛好有發明了 一台機器,可以做到。
04:03
SB: Anyone here remember "Fantastic Voyage"
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西蒙尼:在座有人 記得《聯合縮小軍》
04:06
or "Innerspace?"
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或《驚異大奇航》嗎?
04:08
Yeah, yeah.
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是的。
04:09
Martin Short is one of my all-time favorite actors.
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馬丁·肖特是我最喜歡的演員之一。
04:13
And now this -- this is just like that.
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而這個──這個就像那些電影一樣。
04:16
TZ: Indeed, yes.
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湯姆:的確如此。
04:17
When I was a boy, I saw "Fantastic Voyage,"
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我小時候看了《聯合縮小軍》,
04:19
and I really loved how I could travel through the bloodstream
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我真的很喜歡這個點子, 能夠在血液中旅行,
04:23
and see biology work on a cellular level.
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從細胞的層級去看生物學如何運作。
04:26
I've always been inspired by science fiction.
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我的靈感常常來自科幻作品。
04:28
As an inventor, I try and turn fantasy into reality.
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身為發明家,我試著 將幻想變成現實。
04:32
And I once invented this glove
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我有次發明出了一種手套,
04:35
which let me travel and help people like you explore the virtual world.
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讓能我在虛擬世界中旅行, 並協助你們探索這個世界。
04:40
So now I've invented this machine
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現在,我已經發明了這個機器,
04:42
to let us explore the microscopic world.
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咱們就來探索顯微鏡的世界吧。
04:45
It's not virtual, it's real.
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它不是虛擬的,是真實的。
04:47
Just really, really tiny.
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只是非常非常小。
它是根據那台吸引了西蒙尼 注意力的顯微鏡所打造的。
04:49
It's based on the microscope that got Simone's attention.
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04:52
So, here's how it works.
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它是這麼運作的。
04:54
I have an image sensor
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我有一個影像感測器,
04:56
like the kind in your cell phone, behind the lens.
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就像你手機鏡頭後面的一樣。
04:59
And then I have a little tray of plankton water
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我還有一小盤的水,內有浮游生物,
05:01
like you might find from a river
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就像你從河裡或是我的魚缸
05:03
or my fish tank, which I never change the water on.
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取出來的水,我的魚缸都不換水的。
05:05
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:07
Because I love plankton.
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因為我愛浮游生物。
05:08
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:11
And underneath I have a light, an LED,
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在下頭有燈光,一盞 LED 燈,
05:15
which is going to cast shadows of the plankton on the image sensor.
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會讓浮游生物的影子 投射在影像感測器上。
05:19
And now this silver thing is an XY plotter,
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這個銀色的東西是 XY 繪圖機,
05:22
so I can move the image sensor to follow the plankton as they swim.
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當浮游生物游泳時,我就可以 讓影像感測器跟著它們走。
05:27
Now comes the fantasy part.
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現在,最炫的部分來了。
05:30
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:32
I put a tilt sensor on this helmet
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我在這個安全帽上 裝了一個傾斜感測器,
05:35
so I can control the microscope with my head.
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這樣我就能用我的頭控制顯微鏡。
05:39
And now let's look at the video from this image sensor.
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現在,咱們來看看來自 這影像感測器的影片。
05:44
These are all plankton.
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這些都是浮游生物。
05:46
This is in that little tray,
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在那一小盤水中,
05:48
and with my head, I can move the microscope.
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我可以用我的頭來移動顯微鏡。
05:53
So now we're ready to go scuba diving with plankton.
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現在,我們準備好可以 和浮游生物去浮潛了。
05:56
My head will be the navigator,
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我的頭就是導航裝置,
05:59
and Simone will be our tour guide.
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西蒙尼則是我們的導遊。
06:01
SB: Yes.
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西蒙尼:是的。
06:02
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
歡迎來到一滴水中的奇妙生命世界。
06:03
So welcome all to the wonderful world of life in a drop of water.
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06:07
Actually, as you can see,
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你們可以看到,
06:09
with this instrument, we are not at all limited to a single drop.
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有了這個工具,我們不會 被限制在一滴水裡面。
06:13
Alright, let's find something.
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好,咱們來找看看吧。
06:15
The little creatures you see in the center of your screen,
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在螢幕中間可以看到一些小生物,
06:18
they are called rotifer.
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它們叫輪蟲。
06:19
They are the garbage collectors of our waters.
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它們是我們水裡的收垃圾者。
06:22
They break down organic matter
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它們會把有機物質給瓦解,
06:24
and allow it to be reclaimed by the environment.
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就可以被環境回收利用。
06:27
Now, you know, nature is an amazing recycler.
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要知道,大自然是 很了不起的回收者。
06:30
Structures are continuously built, they are decomposed and recycled,
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結構不斷被建立起來, 它們被分解、被回收,
06:34
and all of that is powered by solar energy.
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這一切都是靠太陽能運作。
06:37
But just think.
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但,想想看,
06:38
Think about what will happen if, you know, our garbage collectors
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如果我們的收垃圾者 不再來工作了,消失了,
06:42
didn't come anymore, if they disappeared.
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會發生什麼樣的狀況?
06:45
Something else? Let's look for something else.
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其他的東西? 咱們來找找其他的東西。
06:47
Oh, look at that.
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喔,看看那東西。
06:48
You see the big ice-cream-cone-shaped things?
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有看到那像是大型冰淇淋 錐形蛋捲筒的東西嗎?
06:52
Those are called Stentor, those are amazing creatures.
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它們叫喇叭蟲,很不可思議的生物。
06:55
You know, they are big, but they are a single cell.
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它們雖然很大,卻是單細胞生物。
06:58
You remember the rotifer we just met?
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還記得我們剛剛見過的輪蟲嗎?
07:00
That's about half a millimeter, it's about 1,000 cells --
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它大概是半公釐, 有約一千個細胞──
07:04
it's typically 15 for the brain, 15 for the stomach
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通常,大腦有十五個,胃有十五個,
07:08
and you know, about the same for reproduction,
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還有,生殖也是差不多的,
07:10
which is kind of the right mix, if you ask me.
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如果問我的話, 我會說這是正確的組合。
07:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
07:14
But ... right?
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但……對嗎?
07:16
TZ: I agree.
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湯姆:我同意。
07:17
SB: But a Stentor is only a single cell.
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西蒙尼:但喇叭蟲只有一個細胞。
07:19
And it's able to sense and react to its environment.
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它能夠感受環境, 並對環境做出反應。
07:22
You see, it will swim forward when it's happy;
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你們看,當它快樂的時候會向前游;
07:25
it will swim backward when it's trying to get away from something
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如果它想要躲開什麼,就會向後游,
07:28
like, you know, a toxic chemical.
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比如,要躲開有毒的化學物質。
07:30
With our friends in the Center for Cellular Construction
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靠著我們在細胞建造中心的朋友
07:33
and the help of the National Science Foundation,
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以及國家科學基金會的協助,
07:36
we are using Stentor to sense the presence of contamination in food and water,
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我們能夠使用喇叭蟲來感測 食物和水是否有受到污染,
07:40
which I think is really cool.
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我認為這真的很酷。
07:42
Alright, last one.
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最後一種。
07:43
So the dots that you see there that are, let's say, behind everything,
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在這裡……可以說 在所有東西後方的圓點,
07:47
they're algae.
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那是水藻。
07:48
They are the creatures that provide the majority of oxygen in the air.
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空氣中大部分的氧氣 都是由這種生物提供的。
07:53
They convert solar light and carbon dioxide
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它們會把太陽光和二氧化碳
07:56
into the oxygen that is filling your lungs right now.
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轉換成現在各位肺部當中的氧氣。
07:59
So you see, we all got algae breath.
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所以,我們都有水藻口氣。
08:01
TZ: (Exhales)
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湯姆:呼氣。
08:02
SB: Yay! (Laughter)
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西蒙尼:耶!(笑聲)
08:03
You know, there's something interesting.
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有件事很有意思。
08:05
About a billion years ago, ancient plants got their photosynthesis capability
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大約十億年前,古老的植物 之所以能取得光合作用的能力,
08:10
by incorporating tiny, tiny plankton into their cells.
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是因為把浮游生物 結合到它們的細胞當中。
08:14
That's exactly like us putting solar panels on top of our roofs.
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就像是我們把太陽能板 放到我們的屋頂上一樣。
08:19
So you see, the microscopic world is even more amazing than science fiction.
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看吧,顯微世界比 科幻故事還要讓人驚異。
08:23
TZ: Oh, indeed.
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湯姆:喔,的確。
08:24
So now you've seen how vital plankton are to our lives
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現在你們知道浮游生物 對我們的生命有多重要
08:28
and how much we need them.
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以及我們多麼需要它們。
08:30
If we kill the plankton, we will die
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如果我們殺死浮游生物, 我們也會死亡,
08:33
of asphyxiation or starvation, take your pick.
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不是窒息就是餓死,自己選一種。
08:37
Oh, yes, I know it's sad, yes.
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喔,是的,我知道這很感傷。
08:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:40
In the game of plankton, you win or you die.
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在浮游生物的遊戲中, 你若不是贏,就是死。
08:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:47
Now, what amazes me is, we have known about global warming
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讓我感到驚奇的是,我們 早在一世紀以前就已經知道
08:53
for over a century.
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全球暖化。
08:55
Ever since the Swedish scientist, Arrhenius,
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自從瑞典科學家阿瑞尼斯
08:57
calculated the effect of burning fossil fuel
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計算出了燃燒化石燃料
09:00
on the earth's temperature.
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對於地球溫度的影響之後就知道了。
09:02
We've known about this for a long time, but it's not too late if we act now.
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我們知道很久了,但如果現在 就採取行動,還不會太遲。
09:07
Yes, yes, I know, I know, our world is based on fossil fuels,
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是,是,我知道,我們的世界 是以化石燃料為基礎的,
09:11
but we can adjust our society to run on renewable energy from the Sun
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但我們可以調整我們的社會, 改用太陽的可再生能源,
09:16
to create a more sustainable and secure future.
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來打造一個更永續、更安全的未來。
09:19
That's good for the little creatures here, the plankton,
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那樣的世界對於這些 小小浮游生物有益的,
09:21
and that good for us -- here's why.
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對我們也是有益的──原因如下。
09:25
The three greatest concerns of people all around the globe
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全世界的人最關心的三樣事物
09:28
typically are jobs, violence and health.
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通常是工作、暴力,及健康。
09:32
A job means food and shelter.
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工作意味著食物和庇護所。
09:34
Look at these creatures, they're swimming around,
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看看這些生物,它們到處游,
09:36
they're looking for a place to eat and reproduce.
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它們在找地方吃東西和繁殖。
09:39
If a single cell is programmed to do that,
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如果一個單細胞被設計要那麼做,
09:42
it's no surprise that 30 trillion cells have the same agenda.
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並不意外三十兆個細胞 會有相同的事要做。
09:48
Violence.
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暴力。
09:49
Dependence on fossil fuels makes a country vulnerable.
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對化石燃料的依賴, 會讓一個國家脆弱。
09:54
Which leads to conflicts all around the oil resources.
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它會導致石油資源的衝突。
10:00
Solar energy, on the other hand, is distributed around the whole globe,
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另一方面,太陽能分佈在全球,
10:03
and no one can blockade the sun.
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沒有人能擋住太陽。
10:06
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:07
And then, finally, health.
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最後,健康。
10:10
Fossil fuels are like a global cigarette.
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化石燃料就像是全球香菸。
10:13
And in my opinion, coal is like an unfiltered type.
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依我所見,煤就像是沒濾嘴的香菸。
10:18
Now, just like smoking, the best time to quit is when?
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就和抽煙一樣, 最好的戒煙時機是何時?
10:22
Audience: Now.
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觀眾:現在。
10:24
TZ: Now! Not when you get lung cancer.
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湯姆:現在!不是等你得了肺癌時。
10:26
Now I know if you look around, some people may abandon facts and reason.
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我知道如果你四處看看, 有些人可能已經抛棄了事實和理智。
10:32
Only until suffering --
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只有到了受苦時──
10:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:35
Yes, they will abandon facts and reason.
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是的,他們會抛棄事實和理智。
10:38
But suffering will eventually and inevitably force change.
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但最終,無可避免的, 受苦會強迫改變。
10:43
But let's instead use our neocortex, our new brain,
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但,讓我們用我們的新皮質, 我們的新大腦,
10:47
to save the Elders, some of the oldest creatures on the earth.
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來拯救前輩,它們屬於 地球上最古老的生物。
10:50
And let's apply science to harness the energy
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讓我們應用科學來駕馭數百年來
10:54
that has fueled the Elders for millions of years --
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一直供應前輩能源的能量──
10:59
the sun.
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太陽。
11:01
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:02
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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