The wonderful world of life in a drop of water | Tom Zimmerman and Simone Bianco

56,771 views ・ 2018-03-29

TED


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Tom Zimmerman: We'd like to take you on a fantastic journey
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to visit the creatures we call the Elders.
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We call them the Elders because a half a billion years ago
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they tripled the amount of oxygen in the air,
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which led to an explosion of life,
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which led to all of us.
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We call them the Elders, but you probably know them as plankton.
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(Laughter)
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Now, Simone is a physicist, and I'm an inventor.
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A couple of years ago,
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I was giving a talk about an invention I made --
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it was a 3D microscope.
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And Simone was in the audience.
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He realized that my microscope could solve a big problem he was having.
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Which was, how to measure the movement of plankton in 3D fast enough
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so he could mathematically model their sensing and behavior.
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And I frankly needed an application for my microscope, so ...
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(Laughter)
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It was like peanut butter meets chocolate.
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(Laughter)
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So we started working together, studying these amazing creatures.
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And then we were alarmed to discover something.
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And that's why we're here today.
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And I just want to do something with you.
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Now, please, just hold your breath for a second.
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Yes, literally hold your breath.
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This is the world without plankton.
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You see, plankton generate two-thirds of our oxygen using the sun.
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OK, now you can breathe, because they're still here.
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For now.
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Simone Bianco: As many of you know,
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since 1950, the average surface temperature of the earth
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has increased by one degree Centigrade
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due to all the carbon dioxide we are pumping into the air.
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Now, while this temperature increase may not seem like a big deal to us,
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it is to plankton.
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Indirect measurements have shown that the global phytoplankton population
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may have decreased by as much as 40 percent between 1950 and 2010
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because of climate change.
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And you see, this is a problem
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also because it's starving the fish that eat them.
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And about a billion people around the world
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depend on fish as their primary source of protein from animals.
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So you see, this isn't just about breathing.
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No plankton means no fish.
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And that is a lot of food we will need to replace.
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There's something else that is interesting.
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The bodies of plankton's ancestors
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actually make up a for lot of the carbon we burn today.
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Which is kind of ironic, if you ask me.
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Because the plankton that are here today clean that carbon out of the air.
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But you see, they don't really hold a grudge.
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(Laughter)
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The problem is they cannot keep up
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with the tremendous amount of carbon we are dumping into the air.
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So what does all of this mean?
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Well, it means that our big carbon footprint
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is crushing the very creatures that sustain us.
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And yes, like Tom said,
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killing almost half of the creatures that allow us to breathe
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is a really big deal.
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So you're probably asking yourself:
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Why aren't we doing something about it?
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Our theory is that plankton are tiny,
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and it's really, really hard to care about something you cannot see.
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You see, there's a quote I really like in "The Little Prince" that goes,
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"What is essential is invisible to the eye."
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We really believe that if more people could come
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face to ... cilia with plankton,
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there is a greater chance we could all rally together
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and save these creatures
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that are so important to life on our planet.
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TZ: Exactly, Simone.
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So to do this,
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we're going to bring you scuba diving with plankton.
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But I just need to shrink you by a factor of 1000,
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to a scale where the diameter of a human hair is as big as my hand.
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And I happen to have invented a machine to do just that.
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SB: Anyone here remember "Fantastic Voyage"
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or "Innerspace?"
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Yeah, yeah.
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Martin Short is one of my all-time favorite actors.
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And now this -- this is just like that.
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TZ: Indeed, yes.
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When I was a boy, I saw "Fantastic Voyage,"
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and I really loved how I could travel through the bloodstream
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and see biology work on a cellular level.
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I've always been inspired by science fiction.
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As an inventor, I try and turn fantasy into reality.
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And I once invented this glove
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which let me travel and help people like you explore the virtual world.
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So now I've invented this machine
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to let us explore the microscopic world.
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It's not virtual, it's real.
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Just really, really tiny.
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It's based on the microscope that got Simone's attention.
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So, here's how it works.
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I have an image sensor
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like the kind in your cell phone, behind the lens.
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And then I have a little tray of plankton water
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like you might find from a river
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or my fish tank, which I never change the water on.
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(Laughter)
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Because I love plankton.
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(Laughter)
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And underneath I have a light, an LED,
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which is going to cast shadows of the plankton on the image sensor.
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And now this silver thing is an XY plotter,
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so I can move the image sensor to follow the plankton as they swim.
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Now comes the fantasy part.
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(Laughter)
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I put a tilt sensor on this helmet
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so I can control the microscope with my head.
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And now let's look at the video from this image sensor.
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These are all plankton.
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This is in that little tray,
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and with my head, I can move the microscope.
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So now we're ready to go scuba diving with plankton.
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My head will be the navigator,
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and Simone will be our tour guide.
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SB: Yes.
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(Laughter)
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So welcome all to the wonderful world of life in a drop of water.
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Actually, as you can see,
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with this instrument, we are not at all limited to a single drop.
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Alright, let's find something.
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The little creatures you see in the center of your screen,
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they are called rotifer.
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They are the garbage collectors of our waters.
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They break down organic matter
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and allow it to be reclaimed by the environment.
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Now, you know, nature is an amazing recycler.
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Structures are continuously built, they are decomposed and recycled,
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and all of that is powered by solar energy.
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But just think.
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Think about what will happen if, you know, our garbage collectors
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didn't come anymore, if they disappeared.
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Something else? Let's look for something else.
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Oh, look at that.
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You see the big ice-cream-cone-shaped things?
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Those are called Stentor, those are amazing creatures.
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You know, they are big, but they are a single cell.
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You remember the rotifer we just met?
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That's about half a millimeter, it's about 1,000 cells --
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it's typically 15 for the brain, 15 for the stomach
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and you know, about the same for reproduction,
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which is kind of the right mix, if you ask me.
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(Laughter)
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But ... right?
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TZ: I agree.
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SB: But a Stentor is only a single cell.
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And it's able to sense and react to its environment.
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You see, it will swim forward when it's happy;
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it will swim backward when it's trying to get away from something
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like, you know, a toxic chemical.
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With our friends in the Center for Cellular Construction
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and the help of the National Science Foundation,
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we are using Stentor to sense the presence of contamination in food and water,
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which I think is really cool.
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Alright, last one.
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So the dots that you see there that are, let's say, behind everything,
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they're algae.
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They are the creatures that provide the majority of oxygen in the air.
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They convert solar light and carbon dioxide
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into the oxygen that is filling your lungs right now.
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So you see, we all got algae breath.
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TZ: (Exhales)
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SB: Yay! (Laughter)
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You know, there's something interesting.
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About a billion years ago, ancient plants got their photosynthesis capability
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by incorporating tiny, tiny plankton into their cells.
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That's exactly like us putting solar panels on top of our roofs.
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So you see, the microscopic world is even more amazing than science fiction.
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TZ: Oh, indeed.
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So now you've seen how vital plankton are to our lives
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and how much we need them.
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If we kill the plankton, we will die
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of asphyxiation or starvation, take your pick.
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Oh, yes, I know it's sad, yes.
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(Laughter)
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In the game of plankton, you win or you die.
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(Laughter)
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Now, what amazes me is, we have known about global warming
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for over a century.
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Ever since the Swedish scientist, Arrhenius,
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calculated the effect of burning fossil fuel
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on the earth's temperature.
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We've known about this for a long time, but it's not too late if we act now.
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Yes, yes, I know, I know, our world is based on fossil fuels,
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but we can adjust our society to run on renewable energy from the Sun
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to create a more sustainable and secure future.
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That's good for the little creatures here, the plankton,
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and that good for us -- here's why.
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The three greatest concerns of people all around the globe
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typically are jobs, violence and health.
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A job means food and shelter.
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Look at these creatures, they're swimming around,
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they're looking for a place to eat and reproduce.
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If a single cell is programmed to do that,
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it's no surprise that 30 trillion cells have the same agenda.
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Violence.
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Dependence on fossil fuels makes a country vulnerable.
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Which leads to conflicts all around the oil resources.
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Solar energy, on the other hand, is distributed around the whole globe,
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and no one can blockade the sun.
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(Laughter)
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And then, finally, health.
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Fossil fuels are like a global cigarette.
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And in my opinion, coal is like an unfiltered type.
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Now, just like smoking, the best time to quit is when?
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Audience: Now.
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TZ: Now! Not when you get lung cancer.
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Now I know if you look around, some people may abandon facts and reason.
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Only until suffering --
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(Laughter)
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Yes, they will abandon facts and reason.
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But suffering will eventually and inevitably force change.
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But let's instead use our neocortex, our new brain,
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to save the Elders, some of the oldest creatures on the earth.
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And let's apply science to harness the energy
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that has fueled the Elders for millions of years --
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the sun.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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